In the XVI - XVIII centuries. The Crimean Peninsula was part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1475, the Turks captured all the Genoese and Byzantine colonies in the Crimea. The Ottomans left the inner steppe part of the Crimean Peninsula to the Crimean Khan on the rights of vassal independence, and a small strip along the Black Sea - the Southern coast of the Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula - became a sultan's possession. Genoese Kaffa was named Kefe by the Ottomans and made the capital of the eponymous liwa (sanjak)1. Villages and lands were considered the Sultan's possessions and were administered by the treasury. In Kefa there was a governor-pasha, who was appointed by Istanbul. The other major cities were the centers of koz (kadylykov)2 and were ruled by cadi3. The cities were fortified with fortresses, each of which was garrisoned by a commandant.

But did Crimea really become a part of the real Muslim world by submitting to the Ottoman Empire, or did the Turks, having conquered Crimea, not change the existing way of life, and the Crimean Peninsula retained its former appearance? The answer to this question, as well as information about the political, demographic and economic situation in the region, can be provided by materials from Turkish and Russian archives.

The Ottoman period in the history of Crimea is poorly studied. In Russian Oriental studies, the history of the Crimean Peninsula was considered mainly as the history of the Crimean Khanate. Pre-revolutionary scholars published some archival documents: excerpts from embassy books, article lists, and other materials that contained information about the Ottoman possessions in the Crimea [Lashkov, 1887-1888, N 2 - A, 6; Berezhkov, 1894; Markevich, 1890]. Western historians paid more attention to this topic and studied various aspects of the history of the Ottoman possessions in the Crimea on the basis of Turkish and European sources [Berindei and Veinstein, 1975, p. 57-104; Veinstein, 1980, p. 227-249; Inalcik, 1996; Öztürk, 2000]. However, despite the publication and research of separate documents dealing with the Ottoman possessions by both Russian and foreign scholars, there are no works that summarize the data of Russian, Turkish, Crimean and European sources and analyze the history of the Ottoman possessions in Crimea.

Sanjak-1 administrative and military district in Turkey and Crimea. In Turkey, the sanjak was part of eyalet and was ruled by a pasha with the title of sanjakbey, directed by the Porte, i.e., the central government. In Crimea, the name sanjak meant four districts into which the part of the peninsula subject to Istanbul was divided. The Arabic word liwa was used to refer to the sanjak in Turkey and in the Crimea.

Kaza (kadyliq) - 2 the office of the qadi, his residence and the judicial district subordinate to him, which is part of the sanjak; kaza was divided into nahiye-rural districts.

Qadi 3 (Arabic; Turkish, and Persian - Qazi) - in Muslim countries, a judge who alone conducts legal proceedings on the basis of Sharia law. This term was often used to refer to governors, as well as heads of city governments in Muslim countries.

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A significant part of the territory of Crimea, namely the Southern Coast and the Kerch Peninsula, has remained poorly studied for three centuries of history. Studies on socio-economic, demographic, religious and other aspects of the history of the Crimean Khanate do not help much, as this territory of the peninsula has a completely different structure of power, taxation, etc. Studying Turkish and Russian sources helps to get a more complete picture of the socio-economic, political and cultural life of the population of Liwa Kefe in the XVI - XVIII centuries. centuries.

Turkish sources

Among the archival materials on the history of the Ottoman possessions in the Crimea, special attention should be paid to sources in the Turkish language - defters [Svanidze, 1989, p. 159-172].

In the Ottoman state-bureaucratic apparatus, the compilation of defters (register books) of various types was widely practiced. Among them, a special place is occupied by defters containing census data (tahrir defterleri), also called Sultan defters (defteri Khakam), sometimes-tapu defters (tapu defteri). As a result of the census of population, land and income, two types of defters were compiled: long (defteri mufassal) and short (defteri icmal, or defteri mucmel), sometimes called timar-defter (timar defteri). It is difficult in the Middle Ages to find a state where censuses for fiscal purposes were given so much attention. The Ottoman Empire, waging endless wars, imposed various taxes on the conquered population. Defters-censuses were compiled immediately after the conquest and a new territory or country.

Starting with Mehmed II Fatih, the cadastral census in the Ottoman Empire became widespread. After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, a general census was conducted throughout the empire, which resulted in the compilation of defters for its European and Asian provinces.

For Liwa Kefe, the first archival sources are defters of the late 15th and early 16th centuries. They contain very comprehensive information on the history, economy, and ethnography of the region under study. Similar defters are preserved in small numbers in the archives of Istanbul: Basbakanlik Osmanh Arsvi (BOA) - the Archive of the Prime Minister and Topkapi Saraye Muzesi (TSM) - the Archive of the Topkapi Palace Museum. In other archives of Turkey, defters containing information about the Crimean Peninsula were not found.

The BOA contains a number of sources that can be classified according to the information they contain. These are tahrir defterleri-census defters; munasebe defterleri-accounting defters; mukataa-iltizam defterleri - land tax defters; gumruk defterleri - customs defters; muhimme defterleri - defters related to any political or economic event; mevacib defterleri - defters related to the salary and duties of janissaries.

1. Tahrir defterleri (census defters) [BOA, TD, N 370, 214]

Tahrir Defter No. 370 has no date. Scientists who study the history of the Crimea date it to about 1520. Well-known French researchers of the Northern Black Sea region, J. Weinstein and M. Berindei in their first paper [Berindei and Veinstein, 1976, p. 110 - 201] named the date - 1529. In the second paper [Berindei and Veinstein, 1979, p. 389-465], they date this defter to 1520. The famous scientist Alan Fisher believes that defter No. 370 was created in 1529. There are even suggestions that there were two defters-respectively for 1520 and 1529. But most historians consider the date of creation of the defter to be 1520.

Tahrir-defter N 370, in addition to information on Liwa Kefa, contains information on the sanjaks of Kirkkilise, Cirmen, Silistre, and Vize

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and Nigbolu. The sections about Liv Kef in the defter take up pages 473-499. The Defter has a traditional structure. First comes the code of laws and regulations (kanun-nameh) (from 473 to 481 pages), consisting of many sections: Kefe pier, Taman pier, Azov customs, Kerch, etc. Then follows demographic information: the composition and size of the urban population of Kefe and other large cities of the Sanjak, and then the rural population. It contains the following data: the name of the village with its district center, the number of houses (hearths), the list of heads of families with an indication of their profession, the total amount of tax for this village, and a detailed list of all types of taxes and taxes. In conclusion, the defter tells about the fortifications of Liva, about the composition of the garrisons, their weapons. Tahrir-defter No. 370 is the first Turkish source that allows us to consider the state of the Sanjak of Kefe after its conquest by the Ottomans.

The second document from the category of census defters is defter N 214. Unlike the previous defter, it is dated 20 Receb 949 AD (October 30, 1542). However, the beginning of the description in this defter refers to 945-946 AD (1538-1539), and most likely the date indicated on the defter, - this is the end time of its compilation. The second difference between Tahrir defter N 214 and Tahrir defter N 370 is that defter N 214 contains information only on the sanjak Kefa. Otherwise, it is very similar to the previous Tahrir. Defter No. 214 (269 p.) is also traditionally compiled. It begins with the code of laws (kanun-nameh) - the decrees of Suleiman I, concerning Liwa Kefe. Kanun-nameh (p. 9-21) is followed by a summary of the defter. Then the main text of the census begins, covering the entire local population and all sources of income. As in the previous defter, the income of the sanjak, sultan, sanjakbey, etc. is recorded. After that, information about the population of cities is provided with the number of houses (hearths), names of heads of houses, professions. Then-information about the composition of the population that lived inside the Kefe fortress, outside and in the suburbs. Then the village population was described - the number of houses (hearths), the names of the heads of houses, the total amount of village tax-and all taxes collected were listed. The final part of the defter is devoted to waqfs. The most recent pages contain additions to the kanun nama.

In the Turkish archives, there are no defter-censuses on Liwa Kefa, except for these two. Many Turkish scholars believe that the Tahrir defters associated with Liva Kefe end in defter N 214 with the date 1542.

2. Muhasebe defterleri (accounting defters)

In the Ottoman Empire, in the 16th century, it began to be practiced to draw up accounting (accounting) defters that reflected the economic state (budget) one or another sanjak. They were considered new Tahrir defters and showed the process of development of the muqataa-iltizam system. There is also an opinion that accounting defters have replaced the classic Tahrir defters. Accounting defters were essentially a budget, showing the income and expenses of the sanjak. They consisted of two parts: revenue and expense accounts. During the year, both parts of the defter were carefully filled in, then the balance sheet was drawn up, the financial year was closed and a new one began.

For the region we are considering, the Istanbul Archive has preserved one document from the accounting defter series [BOA, KKT MD, N 2283]. This source describes the income and expenses of Liwa Kefe for the four-year period - from 1577 to 1581. The first year of the defter is dated from November 20, 1577 to November 8, 1578, and the final year of the defter is dated from November 20, 1577 to November 8, 1578. -

Muqataa 4 - the aggregate of state revenues from a particular territory or type of activity collected either by the emin or the tax collector. Iltizam is the practice of giving individuals the right to collect state taxes or other revenues for short-term payment (from one to three years).

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from October 18, 1580 to October 6, 1581. The source contains 51 pages. Data for 1577-1578 take 1-11 seconds, for 1578-1579 - 12-24 seconds, for 1579-1580 - 25-41 seconds, and for 1580-1581 - 42-51 seconds. Defter is written in two handwritings: diwani5 and siyakat6. The income section of the defter lists items that increased the Sanjak's well-being, as well as numerical indicators. The expenses of the sanjak were taken into account no less scrupulously than the income. Special attention in the text of the defter is paid to the monetary units of liwa Kefe. So, it is reported that coins of different mintage were in circulation on the territory of the sanjak: both Ottoman Akche and Kefin.

3. Mukataa-iltizam defterleri (land tax defters) Information concerning Liva Kefe of the 16th century is contained in several defters [BOA, D. KFM MID N 26368, 26369; BOA, MAD N 71, 1088]. Despite the fact that defters are drawn up in different offices, their structure and content are very similar.

Defter No. 1088 consists of 94 pages and, in addition to information on Liwa Kefa, contains information about the eyalets of Sarukhan, Trabzon, Karaman, Rum, Erzurum, contains information about the management of eyalets and sanjaks, forms of purchase, lease of land areas and the mukataa-iltizam system for 1542-1545. It lists all the revenues of mukataa Liwa, and also collects information from the Office of Kefe on customs and other trade revenues. The data of this defter largely differ from the data of the Tahrir defter for 1542. The Tahrir defter indicates that the revenues of the muqataa were decreasing, while Defter No. 1088, on the contrary, contains information about an increase in revenues, just as defter No. 1088 indicates an increase in the customs revenues of the sanjak in contrast to the Tahrir defter.

Defter No. 71 (81 pages) contains information on mukataa, iltizam and the budget for the eyalets of Karaman, Rum, Erzurum and the sanjaks of Sarukhan, Trabzon and Kefe for 1550-1553. Information on customs revenues is similar to that contained in defters No. 71 and No. 1088.

Two defters (N 26368 and 26369) belong to the same category as the previous defters N 71 and N 1088. They report on the situation and income of mukataa and iltizam, as well as on the industrial enterprises of the Sanjak of Kefe and their budget from the end of 1553 to 1555. These defters contain information about the financial situation, the structure of the mukataa-iltizam system, and other facts related to the lease of land in the Kef sanjak.

4. Gümrük derterleri (customs defters)

According to Liwa Kefa, only one customs defter has been preserved [BOA, KKT, GD N 5280]. This is the oldest defter of all surviving Live Kefe. There is an English translation of it [Inalcik, 1996]. The Defter contains information on the end of the 15th century (1487-1490) and consists of 17 pages. It reports data on customs arrears on state fees and information on merchants who have become debtors. Along with this, defter tells about the work of Kefin customs, about various goods, prices, state ownership of merchants, as well as about trade in Liwa Kefa, Anatolia and the regions of the Northern Black Sea region.

5. Mühimme Defterleri

Such defters according to Liwa Kefe have been preserved in large numbers [BOA, MD, N 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73]. They contain information about social and political events, the financial and legal status of the eyalet or sanjak. They contain suggestions for-

Divani -this type of letter was used in financial documentation.

Siyakat 6, a type of writing that required special training, was used in financial documentation.

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to the central government of the empire from the provinces, from the Sanjakbeys and the Qadis. First of all, such defters included information of an economic nature: money, trade turnover, transportation and transportation, and they also contained data on theft and counterfeiting. Among them there are actors who tell about the political events of the second half of the XVI century in Azov, Taman and on the Black Sea coast: in the form of the situation in the" triangle " of Kefe-Azov-Taman, about Astrakhan, as well as about the relations of the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate and Russia. A lot of information about the commercial life of Liwa Kefe and the relations between the center and the province can be found in the materials on the legal and state structure of the sanjak. 6. Mevacip Defterleri (defters related to the salary and duties of janissaries7) One of these defters has been preserved according to Liwa Kefa [BOA, MAD N 7093]. It contains information about the fortresses of the Sanjak, the military garrisons, the number of janissaries and their salaries.

All these Turkish archival sources - defters - provide information about the history, organization, economy, politics, and demography of Liwa Kefe in the late 15th and 16th centuries. As you know, the Ottomans were very attentive to the description of the newly acquired lands, and therefore it can be concluded that most of the defters of the XVI century according to Liwa Kefa are reliable, even though some defters contradict others. There are no defters on the Kefe Sanjak from the 17th - 18th centuries in the archives of the Republic of Turkey to date.

Russian sources

The archives of the Russian Federation have preserved a large number of documents describing the situation of the Crimean Peninsula in the XVI - XVIII centuries.

The Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) has an extensive collection of sources on foreign policy. The basis of the collection of diplomatic documents from the end of the XV century to the beginning of the XVIII century are embassy books [Rogozhin, 1990, pp. 3-52]. These are the originals of certificates and contracts, as well as documents in "columns". During preparation and during embassies of both Russians abroad and foreign ones to Russia, documents were filed in chronological order and formed so-called columns. At the end of the embassy, documents necessary for further diplomatic work were selected from them and copied in a certain order in notebooks, and then bound in a book. The "columns" were stored in the Embassy's order in full, unaltered form. In the "columns" there were many different documents that were not included in the embassy books. These are financial materials, various certificates, and diplomatic correspondence with an Embassy order. The beginning of compiling embassy books is most often associated with the departure or arrival of Russian and foreign embassies. The books ended in connection with the completion of any stage of relations with a particular country. Books differed in format: "in a sheet", " in a quarter "(vol. E. in a quarter of a sheet), "in an eight" (half of a quarter sheet) [Rogozhin, 1990, p. 9-10].

The main reporting document of the embassies was the article lists, which received such a name because their content was set out according to the articles and points of the order. The ambassadors ' reports are an important source of information on international relations, but they are also an eye-witness account of all the events that took place on the road and during their stay in a particular country. The earliest lists of articles are written in chronological order reports of ambassadors on the fulfillment of their assignments and travel notes. Since the second half of the XVI century.-

Janissaries are soldiers of the permanent (infantry) army in the Ottoman Empire who enjoyed a privileged status.

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daily lists are mostly of a diary nature. As a rule, they begin with a story about the ambassador's journey to a particular state, describe the history of his stay abroad day after day, and end with a description of the return journey [Rogozhin, 1990, p. 13].

Documents reflecting relations between Crimea, Turkey, and Russia are collected in two collections: Russia's Relations with Crimea [RGADA, f. 123] and Russia's Relations with Turkey [RGADA, f. 89].

Embassy books on Russia's relations with Crimea

These are some of the most ancient books kept in the archive. The events described in them begin in 1474. Two embassy books were preserved in the 15th century. By the middle of the sixteenth century (1549), seven more books had been compiled. By the beginning of the 17th century (1605), the total number of books was 21. In the 17th century, 61 embassy books were compiled in Crimea. In total, the archive contains 82 books related to the Crimea.

Documents collected in the embassy books can be divided into several groups: 1) description of the embassies themselves, article lists of ambassadors, sending and arrival of ambassadors, messengers and translators to and from Crimea; 2) financial documents: cash and expense books of the monetary and property salaries of ambassadors, messengers, clerks, etc.- expense books of embassies, information on gifts sent with embassies; 3) translations of various certificates; 4) data on Russian prisoners held in Crimea and their ransom; 5) information on military campaigns against the Crimean Tatars.

Currently, only 11 out of 82 Crimean books have been researched and published. The main number of published embassy books [RGADA, f. 123, d. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] It is concentrated in the "Collections of the Russian Imperial Historical Society" in the series "Monuments of diplomatic relations of the Moscow State with the Crimea, Nogai and Turkey" [RIO, 1884, vol. 41, pp. 1-558; 1895, vol. 95, p. 18 - 83, 130 - 139, 145 - 226, 238 - 426, 432 - 618, 630 - 667]. The following article lists are published: messenger I. Sudakov [RGADA, f. 123, d. 17, l. 8-71 in ITUAK, 1891, N 14, p. 41-80]; messenger S. Bezobrazov [RGADA, f. 123, d. 20, l. 31-35, 279 vol., 319-325 in ITUAK, 1892, N 15, p. 70-94]; stolnik V. M. Tyapkin and clerk N. M. Zotov and the list of monetary and property salaries of the embassy V. M. Tyapkin [RGADA, f. 123, d. 63, l. 1 - 337 in ZOOID, 1850, vol. 1]; messenger of the clerk V. M. Tyapkin. Aitemirova [RGADA, f. 123, d. 80, 81, 82 in Markevich, 1890, p. 48-61]. Also published is "The departure of the envoy of the steward B. Pozukhin and the clerk G. Dolgov to the Crimea" [RGADA, f. 123, d. 61 in Veselovsky, 1912, book 30, pp. 179-216]. Embassy books of 1499-1505 were published in fragments. [RGADA, f. 123, d. 2 in Berezhkov, 1894, p. 27-55]; 1533-1539 [RGADA, f. 123, d. 8 in ITUAK, 1890, N 9]; 1562-1564 [RGADA, f. 123, d. 10 in ITUAK, 1890, N 9]; 1593-1594 [RGADA, f. 123, d. 20 in ITUAK, 1890, N 9]; 1593-1596 [RGADA, f. 123, d. 21 in ITUAK, 1890, N 9]; 1633 [RGADA, f. 123, d. 24 in Basilevich, 1914].

In the documents collected in embassy books and article lists, you can find information about the economy inside Liwa Kefa, about political events in the Crimea, about the state of different cities in Liwa, about the composition of the population, trade, etc.

Embassy books on Russian-Turkish relations

Fewer than 28 of these books have been preserved, and they cover the period from 1512 to 1700 [RGADA, p. 89]. By 1549, one embassy book was compiled, by 1605 - 2 more. From 1621 to 1699, 25 books were compiled. Of the 28 books on Russia's relations with Turkey, only 3 have been published in fragments [RIO, 1884, vol.41; 1895, vol. 95]. The Turkish embassy books contain documents about the dispatches of Russian ambassadors and translators to Constantinople; about the visits of Turkish ambassadors, messengers and merchants to Russia; various letters and their translations to Russian tsars and patriarchs, as well as to Turkish sultans; parish and expense books of embassies, gifts to Constantinople; article lists of embassies. Among the materials

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embassy books on relations between Russia and Turkey have preserved data concerning Liva Kefe. These are documents about the arrival in Moscow of envoys from Azov and Kafa [RGADA, f. 89, d. 1]; the release of letters to Azov and Kafa [RGADA, f. 89, d. 2]; the departure of envoys to Azov [RGADA, f. 89, d. 8], as well as materials about military operations between the Turkish troops and the Don Cossacks in the struggle for the Azov Sea [RGADA, f. 89, d. 14]. Materials about embassies to Constantinople are also interesting, as their route almost always passed through the territory of Crimea, and the documents contain information of an economic, political, and social nature, as well as a description of the territories they saw during the journey and events related to Liva Kefe.

The Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA) also has documents on the history of the Crimean Peninsula in the XVI - XVIII centuries. In RGVIA, the Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky Foundation has preserved a "Cameral Description of the Crimea in 1784" [RGVIA].

On April 8, 1783, the manifesto of Empress Catherine II on the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, Taman and Kuban to Russia was published. On June 28, by decree of Catherine II, the entire population of Crimea became Russian subjects. One of the first tasks after the annexation of Crimea to Russia was a detailed description and detailed study of the new lands. Catherine II entrusted the solution of this problem to Prince G. A. Potemkin as Governor-General of Novorossiya. In the Crimea, an administration was created under the general leadership of the chief of the troops stationed in the Crimea, Baron Igelstrom. G. A. Potemkin wrote to him on October 15, 1783: "As the danger of infection in the Crimean Peninsula already dulls its cruelty, and with good orders from you, there is no doubt about its extermination, then by this rapprochement with the residents, I recommend V. P. to deliver the following news to me:: 1) the number of Christian churches in the whole Crimean Peninsula, not excluding those that were destroyed, and this is indicated only in the description, 2) the number of all Christian villages in the Crimea that remained after the Christians left, including whether they were completely or not completely destroyed and how many houses there were in them. I also need information about all the Tatar villages in general, showing how many of them there are and to which district they belong. The news of the present state of the Tartars requires all delicacy with them, and especially with such notifications, so as not to bring them into confusion and fear, in which I rely on V. P.'s well-known prudence, I post here a note about various zboras in the revenue of the Khan, according to which V. P., through people who are knowledgeable, try to find out: what kind of zboras are these? they made up the annual amount and notified me of that fact" [Murzakevich, 1881, p. 6]. In response, in June 1784, Baron Igelstrom presented Potemkin with a Cameral description of the Crimea.

This document has the title: "Register of various letters explaining the state of the Crimean Peninsula and what was in it the course of affairs of the zemstvo from August 16, 1783-June 1784."

The "Desk Description of the Crimea" begins with a list of questions (63 items in total), to which Baron Igelstrom requires answers from his subordinates: members of the administration, kaimakans, senior officials who served under the last khan, for example, the khan's treasurer, the director of the mint, etc. The information received from these individuals formed the basis of the document.

In the ITUAC magazine, F. F. Pashkov published a "Cameral Description of the Crimea in 1784" (Pashkov, 1887, 1888). In the preface, F. F. Dashkov states that "in view of the fact that the Desk Description contains data that can serve as an indicator of the internal life of the Crimea under Tatar rule, it is printed without omissions in the same form as it is preserved in the archive of the Provincial Government" [Pashkov, 1887-1888]. Comparing the documents published by F. F. Pashkov and the documents stored in the RGVIA, we can say that not all of them were published. During the comparison, it was found that some of Pashkov's sheets were omitted, not published until-

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documents that were not written in Russian (Arabic script), there are no original texts or their translation.

In the "Cameral description of the Crimea", information was collected about the number of all Christian churches, the number of all Christian and Tatar villages and their division into kaymakanstvom and kadylykam, about taxes and fees collected, about the khan's income, etc. However, no geographical description of the Crimean Peninsula lands was made, since such a task was not set before Baron Igelstrom.

And here the documents collected in the Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGA of the Navy) in St. Petersburg come to the rescue.

In the archive funds, the author discovered and published ship diaries of a military navigator and traveler of the XVIII century. Ivan Mikhailovich Bersenev with a description of the expedition to the Crimea, as well as his correspondence with the Black Sea Admiralty Board 8 concerning this expedition [Ignatova (Kournikova), 2004, pp. 7-34].

In 1785, Empress Catherine II issued a decree to the Black Sea Admiralty Board to conduct work on compiling a coastal inventory of the Crimean Peninsula. The Commander-in-Chief of the Black Sea Fleet, Vice Admiral Ya.F. Sukhotin, and Rear Admiral F. F. Mackenzie, assigned this task to Captain of the 2nd rank I. M. Bersenev. It was decided to send a military scientific expedition to the shores of the Black Sea in order to geographically describe the western and southern coasts of the Black Sea, measure the depths of the sea, rivers and make maps. The results of the expedition were detailed diaries - descriptions of the coastline of the western and southern Black Sea coasts.

In 1785, I. M. Bersenev and his team went to make a description of the western coast of the Crimean Peninsula. During the voyage, a detailed ship's log was compiled [RGA of the Navy, f. 197, op. 1, d. 87]. Compiled by I. M. Bersenev, the journal has the title: "With the help of God's led this journal at the coastal inventory from the Belbek River to Perekop and from Onago to the outstanding outer spit from the materago coast opposite the island of Tendry of the eastern tip then from onago point to the Kinburskaya outer spit and from there by the estuary to the bare pier of the fleet by captain of the second rank Ivan Bersenev in 1785." The Black Sea Admiralty Board, having received a detailed coastal inventory and maps of the western coast of the Crimean Peninsula, instructed Ivan Mikhailovich to draw up a coastal inventory of the southern and eastern coast of the Crimean Peninsula, from Sevastopol to the Sea of Azov. In June 1786, I. M. Bersenev and his crew set out on a new voyage. By September 1786, the inventory of the southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula from Sevastopol Harbor to the Sea of Azov was completed. Unfortunately, the author has not yet found the diaries of the second expedition of I. M. Bersenev in the archive, but the fact that diaries describing the southern coast of the Crimea with maps existed is evidenced by correspondence between I. M. Bersenev and the Black Sea Admiralty Board [RGA of the Navy, f. 168, op. 1, d. 111].

Documents on naval and commercial relations

Along with the ship's diaries of seafarers, the archive contains materials on naval relations between Russia, Turkey and the Crimea [RGA of the Navy, p. 197]. These are reports and reports on the arrival and departure of merchant and military ships in the ports of the Crimea for different years - " Vedomosti about merchant and state-owned ships coming and going to the ports of different nations with different materials and other goods...". These documents describe in detail which merchant ship or military ship entered or left the port Crimea, what date, for what purpose, what time was it

8 In 1785, the Black Sea Admiralty Board was established in Kherson, combining naval affairs and shipbuilding at the local shipyard, in Taganrog, in the Azov region and on the Don. Catherine II appointed Rear Admiral Nikolai Semyonovich Mordvinov as its chairman.

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en route and in port, the ship's crew is listed by name, as well as the people who traveled on it or the merchants who were present on the ship. If it was a merchant ship, then the goods, their quantity and weight were described in detail. Also among the documents preserved information that was submitted from foreign merchants and merchants about everything they saw during the voyage to the ports of the Crimea. By studying such "vedomosti", it becomes possible to study the economic state, exports, imports, movement of goods in the region and trade relations between countries.

Turkish archival materials allow a thorough and detailed study of the history of Liva in Kefa in the XVI - XVIII centuries. It is in the Turkish defters that data on the conquest of the peninsula, on the orders and laws that were established in the province of Kefe are concentrated. Research and processing of documents from Russian archives is more complex. In the Russian records management of the XVI-XVIII centuries, it was not customary to separate the territory of the Southern Coast of the Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula into a separate province, and accordingly there are no special documents about this territory. All information on the history of Liwa Kefe is located together with data on the history of the Crimean Khanate, Turkey and Russia.

Documentary materials preserved both in the archives of the Republic of Turkey and in the archives of Russia are published to a very small extent and fragmentary.

list of literature

V. Bazilevich. From the history of Moscow-Crimean relations in the first half of the 17th century. Kiev, 1914.

Berezhkov M. N. Drevneyshiya kniga krymskikh posol'skikh delov (1474-1505 gg.) [The oldest book of Crimean embassy affairs (1474-1505)]. No. 21. Simferopol, 1894.

Veselovsky N. I. The failed embassy of stolnik B. A. Pozukhin to the Crimea in 1679. Book 30. Moscow, 1912.

ZOOID, vol. 1. Odessa, 1850.

Ignatova O. M. The first scientific descriptions of the Crimean Peninsula by Russian navigators of the XVIII century: unknown pages. Appendix 2. Archival materials on the history of relations between Russia and Turkey of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Issue 1. Moscow, 2004.

Pashkov F. F. Crimean shert letters of the XVI-XVII centuries stored in the Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. No. 9. Simferopol, 1890.

Lashkov F. F. Crimean shert letters of the XVI-XVII centuries stored in the Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs//ITUAC. N 10. Simferopol, 1890.

Lashkov F. F. Crimean shert letters of the XVI-XVII centuries stored in the Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. No. 11. Simferopol, 1891.

Lashkov F. F. Crimean shert letters of the XVI-XVII centuries stored in the Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. N 12. Simferopol, 1891.

Lashkov F. F. Article list of the Moscow Envoy to the Crimea Ivan Sudakov in 1578-1588. N 14. Simferopol, 1891.

Lashkov F. F. Article list of the Moscow Envoy to the Crimea Semyon Bezobrazov in 1593. No. 15. Simferopol, 1892.

Lashkov F. F. Kameralnoe opisanie Kryma 1784 g. [Cameral description of the Crimea in 1784]. N 2, 3, 4, 6. Simferopol, 1887, 1888.

Markevich A. I. The sojourn in the Crimea of the Moscow messenger of the clerk Vasily Aitemirov in 1692-1695. No. 9, 1890, RGA OF the Navy, F. 197.

Murzakevich, N. N., Order of His Serene Highness Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky concerning the structure of the Tavrichesky region (1781-1786), ZOOID. Vol. XII, 1881.

RGADA. F. 89, 123.

RGA OF THE Navy.

RGVIA. f. 52. d. 336.

RIO.

Rogozhin N. M. Review of Embassy books from collections stored in TSGADA (late XV-early XVIII centuries). Moscow, 1990.

Svanidze M. Kh. Osmanskie defteri (censuses) / / Vostochnoe istoricheskoe istochnikovedenie i spetsialnye istoricheskie discipliny [Eastern Historical Source Studies and special historical disciplines]. Issue 1. Moscow, 1989.

Article list of stolnik V. Tyapkin and deacon N. Zotov in 1681 in the Crimea / / ZOOID. Vol. 1. Odessa, 1850.

BOA: TD, MD, D. KFM MID, KKTMD, MAD, KKT GD.

page 138
Berindei M., Veinstein G. Reglements de Suleyman ler concernant le Liva de Kefe // C. M. R. S. Vol. 16 (1), 1975.

Berindei M., Veinstein G. La Tana-Azaq De La Presence Italienne a L'Emprise Ottomane // Turcica. VIII (2). Paris-Strasbourg, 1976.

Berindei M., Veinstein G. La Presence Ottomane au sud de la Crimee et en mer d'Azov dans la premiere moitie du XVIe siecle // C. M. R. S. Vol. XX (3 - 4). Paris-Strasbourg, 1979.

Inalcik H. Sources and Studies on the Ottoman Black Sea. I. The Customs Register of Caffa, 1487 - 1490. Harvard University, 1996.

Öztürk Y. Osmanl Hakimiyetinde Kefe, 1475 - 1600. Ankara, 2000.

Veinstein G. La population du sud de la Crimee au debut de la domination Ottomane // Memorial Omer Lutfi Barkan. P., 1980.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ZOOID-Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities

ITUAC-Proceedings of the Tauride Scientific Archival Commission

RGADA - Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts

RGA VMF - Russian State Archive of the Navy

RGVIA - Russian State Military Historical Archive

RIO-Collection of the Russian Imperial Historical Society

CHOIDR-Readings at the Imperial Society of History and Antiquities at Moscow University

BOA-Basbakanhk Osmanh Arsivi-Archive of the Prime Minister

TSM-Topkapi Saraye Muzesi-Topkapi Palace Museum

C. M. R. S. - Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique

D. KFM-Bab-1 Defteri Kefe mukataasi kalemi-defteri section on fees from Kefi property

KKT GD - Kamil Kepeci Tasnifi Gümrük defterleri - таможенные дефтеры

KKT MD-Kamil Kepeci Tasnifi Munasebe defterleri-accounting defterers

MAD-Maliyeden Müdevver Defterler - property accounting defterers

MD-Muhimme defterleri - defters of important cases

TD-Tahrir defterleri-maxpup defter (census defters)

MID-Mukataa-iltizam defterleri - defters on land taxation

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