The study of the peculiarities of ethnic development and ethno-cultural adaptation of diasporas living in isolation from the main mass of the ethnic group is one of the most relevant areas of research in Russian ethnographic and historical science. As a result of a series of migrations in the late XIX - first third of the XX century, local ethnic diasporas were formed in Western Siberia, which were forced to adapt to the conditions of the region of residence. The influence of the numerically predominant Russian ethnic group became the main factor of rapid and significant changes in the national traditions of the immigrants. The broad economic and linguistic integration of representatives of displaced diasporas into the general structure of the region's population has led to a pronounced leveling and blurring of ethnically significant complexes of these groups, which inevitably end in completely voluntary assimilation.

Key words: Western Siberia, immigrants, ethnic diasporas, ethnic environment, ethno-cultural adaptation.

Introduction

Studying the peculiarities of ethnic development and ethnocultural adaptation of ethnic diasporas is one of the most relevant areas of research in Russian ethnographic and historical science [Arutyunov, 2000; Tishkov, 2000,2003]. This publication examines the influence of the ethnic environment on local diasporas formed in Western Siberia as a result of migrations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This period in the history of Russia is characterized by large-scale voluntary migrations of representatives of various peoples and the development of new vast expanses of Northern Eurasia. In the future, the main part of migrations was forcibly forced and was associated either with direct forced movements of entire peoples, social strata or groups, or with the needs and hardships of the Second World War and post-war development (this can include the development of virgin land).

We studied the most significant local diasporas-Latvians, Germans, Ukrainians, Chuvash and Estonians-formed within the borders of the former Tobolsk and Tomsk provinces (according to the administrative-territorial division of the Russian Empire in the late XIX-early XX centuries). In the modern Russian Federation, these administrative divisions correspond to the Altai Territory, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, and Tyumen regions (Figure 1). The sources were statistical and archival data of various kinds: the results of general and local population censuses; published and previously unpublished statistical data provided to us by territorial state statistics bodies in the regions.

Ethnodemographic structure of the region

For a clearer and more distinct positioning of the place and role of migrant diasporas in the population structure of Western Siberia, it is necessary to identify the main numerical parameters and the composition of ethnic and ethno-group components of this vast region. Ethnodemographic situation in the areas that became the territory of settlement of hundreds of thousands of people at the end of the XIX century,

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Figure 1. Map-scheme of the administrative division of the south-western part of Western Siberia in 2002.

2. Well-to-do Russian peasants at the hay mower. 1910 Photo archive of the Isilkulsky Regional Museum of Local Lore (Omsk region). Photocopy from the original by G. E. Katanaev, kept in the Omsk State Museum of Local Lore.

the result of complex centuries - old ethno-cultural processes and interactions that have been separated from their native places and mother ethnic groups. As V. N. Kurilov rightly points out [2005, pp. 30-31], no nation or ethnic group here can consider itself fully "indigenous". This is especially true in the south of the forest-steppe and steppe zones. Migration waves of various origins have swept through Western Siberia for centuries, often without leaving any significant traces. The picture began to change significantly and irrevocably with the beginning of Russian development of Siberia and resettlement as an integral part of it.

The factor base that made it possible to form migration massifs as a new phenomenon in the structure of the population of Western Siberia was dualistic: on the one hand, this is Russia's policy of expanding the borders of the state and developing new spaces and resources, on the other - the steady desire of the metropolitan population for a more prosperous, well-fed and, most importantly, free life. Tasks in achieving the goal - capture ("conquest")were changed The development of new territories, the economic development of the acquired territories and the economic return from their possession; after them, the state approaches to moving the driving force in achieving these goals also changed. The Cossacks of Yermak were followed by voivodes with their attached troops and the first peasants, followed by exiles and convicts (including" Germans "- Swedes captured in wars and others), then serving Cossacks and peasants-immigrants (unauthorized, and more often involuntary, "sovereign"). It was only in the second half of the 19th century that these processes began to be determined by the state migration policy, which contributed to the formation of numerous multiethnic massifs as components of a single population structure.

Almost three centuries of Russian rule in Siberia before the beginning of large-scale migrations (1880s) only slightly affected its expanses lying south of the southern taiga zone. Yes, Cossack lines were built (Bukhtarma, Ishim, Irtysh, Presnogorkovskaya, Siberian) with a chain of villages and outposts, Omsk and fortress cities in Northern Kazakhstan were founded-Akmolinsk, Pavlodar, Petropavlovsk and Semipalatinsk. But even after that, the vast majority of the inhabitants of Southern Siberia - Kazakhs, Russians, and Tatars - were rare figures in its vast expanses. The northern taiga part of Western Siberia was more densely populated and had an incomparably longer history of development by an alien (as S. K. Patkanov [1923, p.3] put it) population - mainly Russians, who made up more than 80% of all the inhabitants of Siberia. The population assigned by the same S. K. Patkanov to the indigenous one numbered 870,536 people in 1897, while the number of Russians (including Belarusians and Ukrainians)was equal to that of Russians.* made up 4,651,313 people. both sexes [Ibid.] (data for the whole of Siberia).

The Russians who inhabited the Siberian region during this period were not a homogeneous mass. A significant part of it was made up of "old-timers" (Fig. 2). According to V. N. Kurilov's assessment [2005, p. 36], at the beginning of the second half of the second half of the year, the number of people living in the city was very high.

* According to the official approach adopted at the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century, the Russians, as a single East Slavic community, included "Great Russians"," Little Russians "(Ukrainians) and" Belarusians " (Patkanov, 1911, p.IV).

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In the first half of the 19th century, there were at least 1.5 million of them in Western Siberia. The second significant component was the class group of serving Cossacks (Fig. 3) -by 1911, 675 thousand people (throughout Siberia) [Siberian Soviet Encyclopedia, 1931, p. 426]. Finally, the third group, the most amorphous and poorly verifiable, is the Russian "new settlers" (Fig. 4), who often continued to migrate through the territory of their newly found small homeland - Siberia.

According to the results of the First General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 of Russians (including Belarusians and Ukrainians) There were 1,311,523 people in Tobolsk Province. [Patkanov, 1911, p. 2], in Tomsk - 1,760,619 [Ibid., p. 130] (Tables 1, 2). Among them, there were 37.8 thousand and 99.3 thousand Ukrainians, respectively (calculated by S. I. Bruk and V. M. Kabuzan [1981, p. 24, Table 4] on the basis of based on the sources available to them), i.e. only 137.1 thousand people. The most significant part of the non - Slavic population of Western Siberia in the period under review were representatives of Turkic (in the terminology of that time Tatar) ethnic and ethno-local groups. Their number by 1897 reached 152,558 people: 57,029 - in Tobolsk Province and 95,529 - in Tomsk Province (Tables 1, 2). Among them, Siberian Bukharians, Tobolsk Tatars and Tatars are distinguished-

3. South Siberian Cossacks. Akmola region. Late 19th century Photo archive of the Isilkulsky Regional Museum of Local Lore (Omsk region). Photocopy from the original by G. E. Katanaev, kept in the Omsk State Museum of Local Lore.

4. Russian peasant-migrant. Kolosovsky district, Omsk region. First half of the 20th century Photo archive of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography of Omsk State University.

The number of ethnic groups in Tobolsk province according to the results of the All-Russian Population Census of 1897 Table 1.*

Ethnic group**

Number of employees, pers.

The entire population

1 433 597

Russians

1 311 706

including Ukrainians***

37 800

Tatars:

indigenous Turks (Tobolsk Tatars)

37 648

siberian bukharians

11 307

Tatars-peasants

8 074

Ostyaki

16 509

Kyrgyz (Kazakhs)

7 547

Voguli (Mansi)

7 474

Zyryans (Komi-Zyryans)

7110

The Poles

5 963

Samoyeds (Nenets)

4 436

Jews

3 458

Latvians

3 283

Estonians (Estonians)

2 047

Gypsies

1 685

Mordovians

1 639

Finns

1 017

The Germans

1 105

Chuvash people

640

Bashkirs

464

Lithuanians

372

Cheremis (Mari people)

309

Вотяки (удмурты)

65

Permyaks (Komi-Permyaks)

8

* Compiled from: [Patkanov, 1911, p. VIII, 2-5].

** The names of groups are given in accordance with the source, the explanations in parentheses are ours.

*** Data from S. I. Bruk and V. M. Kabuzan [1981, p. 24, Table 4].

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the peasants. Since a detailed analysis of the ethnic and ethno-group composition of this population is not part of the task of our research, we consider it necessary to refer the reader to the fundamental works of N. A. Tomilov on this topic [1980, 1981, 1992]. Another numerically significant group of the Turkic-speaking population was the so-called indigenous Turks-Altaians, Kumandins, Teleuts, Shors-with a total of 85,812 people. The Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, and Selkups, which are geographically more remote but no less historically significant (referred to as Voguls, Ostyaks, and Samoyeds in the census materials) totaled 33,933 people (Tables 1, 2). Finally, another group that is quite large for Western Siberia and significant in the context of interethnic contacts is the Kazakhs (Cossacks, Kirghizs, Kirghiz-Kaisaks) (Fig. 5), who were engaged in nomadic and remote cattle breeding in the steppe zone of the Irtysh region, southern regions of Kulunda and Northern Altai. According to the census of 1897, there were 32,357 Kazakhs in the Tobolsk and Tomsk provinces (Tables 1, 2). The total number of Kazakhs in these provinces and districts of the Akmola region, later included in the borders of Western Siberia in its modern sense, reached 45,778 people (calculated by Sh. K. Akhmetova [2002, p. 27]). German (fig. 6), Belarusian (Fig. 7), Ukrainian (Fig. 8), Chuvash (Fig. 9), Latvian and Estonian (Fig. 10) migrants joined this motley multinational and multi-confessional cauldron as an important component.

By the time the picture of territorial distribution of ethnic, ethno-local and ethnographic groups of the "old-timers" and "new-settlers" population was finally compiled (late 1920s), the main numerically predominant ethnic group in the Siberian Territory was Russians (Great Russians) (77.9 % of the total population of Siberia), 87% of whom lived in rural areas. The second largest group is Ukrainians, and the third is Belarusians (Table 3). The predominant number of people living in the region is mostly ethnic Russians.

The number of ethnic groups of Tomsk province according to the results of the All-Russian population Census of 1897 Table 2.*

Ethnic group**

Number of employees, pers.

The entire population

1 927 932

Russians

1 760 619

including Ukrainians***

99 300

Indigenous Turks (foreigners)

85 812

Kyrgyz (Kazakhs)

24 810

Mordovians

14 888

Tatars-peasants

9 423

Jews

7 749

The Poles

6 328

Ostyako-Samoyeds (chum salmon, Selkups)

4 821

Chuvash people

2 807

Gypsies

2 229

Zyryans (Komi-Zyryans)

1 875

Latvians

1 488

The Germans

1 375

Ostyaki Ugric islands

693

Permyaks (Komi-Permyaks)

549

Estonians (Estonians)

361

Siberian Bukharians

294

Moldovans

138

Finns

136

Bashkirs

109

Cheremis (Mari people)

48

Вотяки (удмурты)

10

* Compiled from: [Patkanov, 1911, pp. 130-133].

** The names of groups are given in accordance with the source, the explanations in parentheses are ours.

*** Data from S. I. Bruk and V. M. Kabuzan [1981, p. 24, Table 4].

Figure 5. Kazakhs. Akmola region. 1879 Photo archive of the Omsk State Museum of Local Lore.

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Figure 6. The Germans. Melnik A. A. Hildebrant and his family. 1916 Photo archive of the Isilkulsky Regional Museum of Local Lore (Omsk region).

7. A woman in Belarusian holiday clothes. 1950s Photo archive of the Kyshtovsky Regional Museum of Local Lore (Novosibirsk region).

Figure 8. Ukrainian youth. The Carpathian region. 1930s Photo archive of the Omsk State Museum of Local Lore.

9. Women in Chuvash holiday clothes. 1950s Photo archive of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography of Omsk State University.

Figure 10. Estonian girls. The first third of the 20th century Photo archive of the Kalachinsky District Museum of Local Lore (Omsk region).

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The number of ethnic groups (over 2 thousand people) in the Siberian Region according to the results of the All-Union Population Census of 1926 Table 3..*

Ethnic group

Number of employees, pers.

The entire population

8 681 177

Russians

6 767 892

Ukrainians

827 536

Belarusians

320 320

Mordovians

107 794

Tatars

96 135

The Germans

78 798

Kazakhs

48 392

Chuvash people

48 011

The Poles

45 854

Altaians

39 037

Jews

32 750

Estonians

29 890

Latvians

26 878

Shortsy

12 586

Zyryans

12 458

Bukhartsy

11 674

Permyaks

8 545

Latgalians

8 191

Ostyaki

8 188

Gypsies

7 200

Вотяки (удмурты)

6 418

Kumandin residents

6 334

Lithuanians

5619

Telengits

3 415

Карагасы (тофалары)

2 825

Bashkirs

2 194

* Compiled from: [Vsesoyuznayaperepis..., 1928].

The majority of every ethnic group (with the exception of Jews) was rural.

In the future, the composition of the population changed slightly. Only the number of Germans increased dramatically in the 1940s as a result of their deportation from the European part of the USSR. The development of virgin land in Western Siberia in the 1950s, contrary to popular opinion, did not significantly change the ethnic map of the region. The main flow of migrants from this period was directed to Kazakhstan, only a small part of them were located in the Altai Territory, which is quite well developed in agricultural terms.

In the 1970s and 1990s, the population of the Khanty - Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs of the Tyumen Region in the areas of raw material development of the Tyumen North grew by orders of magnitude against the background of large-scale labor migration. Accordingly, the number of individual ethnic groups has increased. For example, the growth of the Ukrainian population in these districts before the early 1970s-the time of the active and large-scale oil and gas "boom" - did not go beyond the limits of evolutionary development, but the 1979 census recorded a multiple increase due to labor migrants settling in the newly created nases.-

11. Siberian Cossacks. 2006 Photo by the author.

12. Siberian Germans. 2006 Photo by the author.

* 80.4 thousand people arrived in the Altai Territory, 88.7 thousand in the Novosibirsk Region, and 82.9 thousand in the Omsk Region. [German, 2006, p. 35].

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13. Siberian Ukrainians. 2006 Photo by the author.

14. In the Kazakh yurt. 2006 Photo by the author.

15. On the Chuvash holiday. 2006 Photo by the author.

Figure 16. Together. Omsk region. 2006 Photo by the author.

Most of them are urban-type (it should be recalled that all post-war censuses took into account the permanent population). Ten years later (in 1989), the census data showed a 15-to 28-fold increase in the number of Ukrainians compared to 1970 - from 9,986 to 148,317 in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and from 3,026 to 85,022 in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District [Results..., 2005; National Composition..., 1981, 1990]. Similar processes are also typical for the Chuvash people: in 1970 there were 1,929 and 255 people in these districts, respectively, and in 1989 - 14,000 and 3,657 people. [Ibid.].

As a result, a unique conglomerate of ethnic diasporas has developed in Western Siberia, peacefully coexisting on a common territory, characterized by a high level of tolerance and mutual penetration of cultural traditions (Figures 11-16).

Influence of ethnic environment on self-awareness and the number of displaced diasporas

Centuries-old interaction of representatives of often sharply different ethnic groups (especially if we analyze the process in dynamics) it was not always smooth and easy, especially in the era of initial development: there were armed clashes, conflicts based on the interstitial settlement of "aborigines" and "aliens", over the rights of ownership and use of land, and confessional rejection, cultural rejection, and language barrier. But the years of living together, the policy of the authorities, who tried not to allow obvious infringement of anyone's rights, led to a situation not just peaceful

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co-existence, but deep interaction of aboriginal, old-time and new-village components of modern Siberian society.

In the last decades of the 20th century, the tendency of Siberian Latvians, Germans, Chuvashs, Estonians, and especially Ukrainians to integrate deeply with the representatives of the numerically predominant Russian ethno-territorial massif, in which they are more or less dissolved, which leads to their actual assimilation by Russians, has become apparent. It seems that this explains the steady and rapid decline in the census number of these groups from 1989 to 2002. From census to census, the number of villages with a numerically expressed population belonging to the specified migrant diasporas decreases. If the decrease in the number of Germans is also related to emigration processes (their departure to Germany), which peaked in the 1990s, then the sharp decline in the Latvian, Ukrainian, Chuvash and Estonian ethnic groups in Western Siberia, as demonstrated by the results of the 2002 All-Russian Population Census for all subjects covered by the study, cannot be explained by the fact that the population of the It can be explained neither by external nor internal migrations, nor by the decline in the birth rate and natural population decline. Based on a comparison of the dynamics of intra-district numerical indicators of representatives of these displaced diasporas and Russians within the total population, we can confidently state that a decrease in the census number is an indicator of the scale of a change in ethnic identity. This process has already led to an increase in the share of Russians (in census self-determination) in Western Siberia, while adequately reducing the share of the non-Russian population.

The 2002 census clearly indicates an increasingly broad change in the ethnic identity of people who are now free to choose their nationality (we are talking about the removal of the legal norm for designating nationality in registration documents, including when first obtaining a passport after reaching the age of 14).

Conclusion

Summing up, it should be noted that the influence of the numerically predominant Russian ethnic group is the main factor in the ethno-cultural adaptation of migrant diasporas in Western Siberia. It is inevitably followed by processes of broad economic and linguistic integration into the general structure of the region's population, which entail a pronounced leveling and erosion of ethnically significant complexes of these groups, inevitably ending in voluntary assimilation.

List of literature

Arutyunov S. A. The Diaspora is a process / / EO. - 2000. - N 2. - pp. 74-78.

Akhmetova Sh. K. Kazakhs // Peoples of Western and Middle Siberia: culture and ethnic processes. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 2002. - P. 27-60.

Bruk S. I., Kabuzan V. M. The number and settlement of the Ukrainian ethnos in the XVIII-early XX century // SE. - 1981. - N 5. - p. 15-31.

All-Union Population Census of 1926-Moscow: TsSU SSSR, 1928. - Vol. 6: Sibirskiy krai. Buryat-Mongolian ASSR. - 390 p.

German A. A. Deportation of Soviet Germans from the European part of the USSR in the autumn of 1941. - 2006. - N 11. - p. 26-54.

Results of the All-Russian population census-2002: Statistical Collection: At 11 o'clock-Tyumen: Territorial Body Federal, state services. Statistics on the Tyumen region, 2005. - Ch. 3: National composition of the population in the Tyumen region. - 427 p.

Kurilov V. N. Rasselenie russkikh starozhilov Zapadnoy Sibiri v sredne XIX v. [Settlement of Russian old-timers of Western Siberia in the middle of the XIX century]. Novosibirsk: PrePress Studio, 2005, 222 p.

National composition of the population (distribution of the population of individual nationalities by gender, age, language, marital status, level of education, social groups and sources of livelihood): Materials of the All-Union Population Census of 1979. - Tyumen: Stat. management of the Tyumen region, 1981, 174 p.

National composition of the population of the Tyumen region (results of the All-Union Population Census of 1989). Tyumen: Tyumen Region Department of Statistics, 1990, 215 p. (in Russian)

Patkanov S. K. Statistical data showing the tribal composition of the population of Siberia, the language and genera of foreigners (based on the data of the special development of materials of the census of 1897). - St. Petersburg: [B. I.], 1911. - Vol. 2: Tobolsk, Tomsk and Yenisei provinces. - 432 p.

Patkanov S. K. List of peoples of Siberia. - Pg.: [Russian. state academic type], 1923. - 16 p. Siberian Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.; Novosibirsk: Zap. Sib. otd-nie OGIZ, 1931. - Vol. 2. - 1152 p.

Tishkov V. A. Istoricheskiy fenomen diaspory [Historical phenomenon of the Diaspora]. - N 2. - p. 43-63.

Tishkov V. A. Requiem po etnosu: (Issledovaniya po sotsial'no-kul'turnoi antropologii) [Requiem for an Ethnic Group: Studies in socio-cultural Anthropology], Moscow: Nauka Publ., 2003, 544 p.

Tomilov N. A. Ethnography of the Turkic-speaking population of the Tomsk Ob region. - Tomsk: Publishing House of the Tomsk State University, 1980. - 200 p.

Tomilov N. A. The Turkic-speaking population of the West Siberian Plain at the end of the XVI-first quarter of the XIX century. state University, 1981, 276 p.

Tomilov N. A. Etnicheskaya istoriya tyurkoyazychnogo naseleniya Zapadno-Sibirskoy ravniny kontsa XVI - nachala XX v. [Ethnic history of the Turkic-speaking population of the West Siberian Plain of the late 16th-early 20th centuries].

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 23.04.08.

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