On August 8-12, 2006, Ulaanbaatar hosted the IX International Congress of Mongol Studies*. Its main feature was that it was dedicated to an outstanding historical event - the 800th anniversary of the formation of a unified Mongolian state, which, by the decision of the UN General Assembly, was celebrated all over the world and was held in Mongolia as a national holiday of the 800th anniversary of the formation of the Great Mongolian State. The Congress was organized under the auspices of the President of Mongolia N. Enkhbayar by the International Association of Mongolian Studies with the assistance of the Academy of Sciences and the National University of Mongolia and with the financial support of the Mongolian Government, UNESCO and the Japan Foundation.

In the extensive plan of numerous anniversary events planned for 2006, the forum of Mongolian scholars was given one of the central places. According to the organizers, it was intended to attract a significant number of participants, demonstrate the wide scope of Mongolian studies at home and abroad, promote their further growth, and give objective assessments of the events that took place in Mongolia 800 years ago and influenced the fate of many peoples of Asia and Europe, as well as the course of world history. It was intended to use the significant anniversary to draw the attention of the world's scientific, political and, if possible, business community to Mongolia and its history, to its current achievements on the way to a market economy and democracy, to the new favorable opportunities that open up for foreign scientists, investors and tourists for further development of scientific, trade, economic and cultural development. other cooperation. The Congress, in our opinion, certainly met the expectations placed on it.

This was the largest gathering of Mongolian scholars from all over the world in the almost 50-year history of similar congresses. It was attended by more than 400 scientists, including about 300 foreign scientists from 26 countries and over 100 scientists from Mongolia. The most representative and numerous groups of scientists were from Russia - 78 people, China - 58, Japan-42, USA-17, France and Germany-9 each, South Korea-8, Hungary and Italy - 7 each, etc. Participation in the forum of young scientists allows us to hope for the development of Mongolian studies in the future. Unfortunately, some prominent foreign Mongolian scholars, including the President of the International Association of Mongolian Studies, Prof. Sh. Ozawa, were unable to come to Ulaanbaatar. Greetings to the Congress were sent by the President of the Republic of Kalmykia K. N. Ilyumzhinov and others.

The preparation and direct work of the congress was carried out with increased attention and support from the state and the country's leadership, which was reflected, in particular, in financial and other support, in the fact that the opening and first plenary session of the congress were held in the meeting room of the Great State Hural (Parliament) with the participation of President N. Enkhbayar, Speaker of the Parliament of Ts. Nyamdorj and Prime Minister M. Enkhbold. Five well-known foreign Mongolian scholars (one each from Russia, Japan, China, the United States and Germany) were awarded the highest government award - the Order of the Polar Star. Among the awardees was the Chief researcher of the Institute of Political Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Political Sciences G. S. Yaskina, who made a great contribution to the study of the history, economy, culture and foreign policy of Mongolia of the XX - beginning of the XXI century with her long-term, versatile and fruitful scientific, pedagogical and translation activities.

* The article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Scientific Research (project No. 06-01-91817a / G).

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Russian Mongolian studies and Russian-Mongolian scientific cooperation. All foreign participants were awarded the jubilee medal "800 years of the Great Mongolian State". In addition, eight foreign Mongolian scholars, including three from Russia - corresponding members B. V. Bazarov, Sh. B. Chimitdorzhiev (IMBiT SB RAS) and V. V. Graivoronsky (IV RAS), were elected honorary members of the International Association of Mongolian Studies. By the decision of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia, R. B. Rybakov, Director of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, President of the Society of Mongolian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, was awarded the highest academic award-the Honorary Badge of the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia, and a group of Russian Mongolian scientists-representatives of leading scientific centers G. Ts. Pyurbeev (INR RAS), E. U. Omakayeva (KIGI RAS), N. N. Kradin (IAE FEB RAS), A. S. Zheleznyakov (Institute of Sociology RAS), A.D. Tsendina (RSUH), E. E. Pokaninova (Republic of Kalmykia) were presented with the memorial signs "Khan Kublai Khan - founder of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences."

In his greeting to the congress participants, President of Mongolia N. Enkhbayar emphasized the international significance of the anniversary celebration and the growing authority of the International Association of Mongolian Studies. He emphasized the great contribution of Mongolian scholars from all over the world to the study of the history, culture, and traditions of the Mongolian people, to the promotion of their achievements, to the search for ways to further develop the country in terms of adapting to democratic institutions and market relations, and to solving complex current problems. Speaking about the international significance of the 800th anniversary of the establishment of the Mongolian State, President N. Enkhbayar stressed that the results of scientific research confirm that the Mongol Empire was one of the peaks among the forms of statehood that existed among the peoples of Central Asia. The Head of State noted that he personally and the Government of Mongolia will continue to fully support the development of Mongolian studies in the world.

Deputy Minister of Education, Culture and Science S. Tumur-Ochir, President of the Academy of Sciences akad. B. Chadraa, Rector of the Mongolian National University Ts. Gantzog, Japanese Ambassador to Mongolia Yasuyoshi Ichihashi.

The main theme of the congress "Statehood of Mongolia: its past and present" was announced by the organizers in advance, which predetermined the subject and nature of most of the reports presented. The main work of the forum was held in plenary and breakout sessions. There were five sections: "Mongolian statehood: traditions and innovations"; "Social and economic problems"; "National language and literature"; "Culture and Art"; "Globalization and Mongolia". For the first time, a special section was organized on topical issues of globalization and adaptation to it in Mongolia. More than 350 reports were presented at the plenary and breakout sessions, most of which were carried out at a high scientific level, were of considerable interest to the participants and often caused lively discussions.

At the first plenary session, several main reports were heard, including the General Secretary of the Academy of Sciences, Academician Sh. Vira (Mongolia) "Some problems of the history of Mongolian statehood", T. Olsen (USA) "Notes on the system of redistribution in the Mongolian Empire", E. I. Kychanov (Russia, the report was read by I. V. Kulganek)"The State of Genghis Khan as an embodiment of the ideas and traditions of nomadic statehood", Koichi Matsuda (Japan) " Types of inheritance in the Great Mongol Empire-the legacy of the Central Ulus (Heartland, Golyn uls)", Kim Hodon (Republic of Korea) "Unity and Continuity of the Mongol Empire", Academician J. Boldbaatar (Mongolia) "Development of the State and Culture of the Mongol Empire". democracy in modern Mongolia".

Sh. Bira analyzed the totality of internal and external factors that led to the emergence of statehood among the Mongols in the XII-XIII centuries, and proposed the following periodization of its development in the XIII-XIV centuries: 1) the formation of the early Mongol state (1206-1227); 2) the formation of a developed state (the periods of successive rule of the Ogedei, Guyuk and Mongke khans - 1229 - 1259); 3) the universal Mongol Empire - the apogee of the development of the Mongol statehood (1260-1368). The speaker revealed the peculiarities of the development of the Mongolian statehood in each of these periods, highlighting the outstanding role of Kublai Khan in the development and strengthening of the Mongol Empire.

E. I. Kychanov's report traced the continuity of the state institutions created by Genghis Khan (the legitimacy of the Khan's power, the principles of organizing the apparatus).

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the place and role of the Khan's guard, etc.), with the traditions of statehood that existed among other nomadic peoples in previous periods, in particular among the Xianbi, Turks, Khitan.

Zh. Boldbaatar spoke about the changes that have taken place over the past 16 years in the development of the Mongolian state and its political system. He noted that the past years were a time of democratic transformations and reforms, progressive development of the Mongolian statehood. The main trend in the development of the political system of modern Mongolia is to establish the rule of law and competent governance, create a system of civil society organizations, and form an active public position and political consciousness among citizens.

At the sessions of the section " Mongolian Statehood: Traditions and innovations "(head - J. Boldbaatar), about 70 reports were heard on a wide range of issues, including the genesis and development of statehood among the Mongols at various stages of history, starting with the first nomadic empires on the territory of Mongolia and ending with the present: N. V. Abaev (Russia) "The genesis of Mongolian statehood in the light of the theory of self-organization and Tengrian philosophy", acad. Ch. Dalai (Mongolia) "Traditions of Mongolian statehood and Genghis Khan", E, Endicott-West (USA) "State, land and nomad: concepts of land law in Mongolian history", L. Munkh-Erdene (Mongolia)"State and Citizen: Statehood and Mongolian identity (XII-XIV centuries)", T. Sengedorj" Traditions and innovations of the state in nature and environmental protection", Nakami Tatsuo (Japan)" How historians described the Empire of Genghis Khan in modern Japan", J. Urangua (Mongolia) " Names of Mongol states and titles of Khans (KHP-XX centuries)", N. Yam-Osor (Mongolia) "Review of the study of the history of the Mongolian state and statehood in the XIII-XIV centuries" , etc.

A large number of reports were devoted to Genghis Khan, various aspects of his life and activities, clarifying the dates and places of his birth and burial, exalting and glorifying his merits in uniting disparate and constantly hostile Mongolian tribes into a single state, in creating and improving the state apparatus: A. Ochir (Mongolia) " On the origin of the Borzhigin family, where did Genghis Khan come from, as well as about his totem and seal", V. A. Zyatitsky (Russia) "Genghis Khan and his time", B. Ulaan (China) "On the expression" Genghis Khan was born with a blood clot in his hand", D. Erdenebaatar (Mongolia) " Will the burial place of the great ruler Genghis Khan be found?", C. Batbayar (Mongolia) " Genghis Khan and Mongol-Tangut relations (1205-1227)", M. Munkhtsetseg "Psychological portrait of Genghis Khan", N. M. Yemelyanova (Russia) "Mongol campaigns of the XIII century to the Pamirs and Hindu Kush", etc.

Several reports were devoted to the results of studies of the "Great Yasa" and the wise sayings of Genghis Khan, their place and role in the history of the development of legislation in Mongolia and around the world: B. Chimid (Mongolia) "The search for the law "Their zasag"", E. E. Pokaninov and B. D. Ulyumzhiev (Russia) "The role of the "Great Yasa" in the development of legislation in Mongolia and around the world. early Mongolian legislation", B. Birge (USA) "Improper sexual behavior in the Mongolian-Yuan law, with some comments on the" Zasag "of Genghis Khan", etc.

One of the sessions of the first section was devoted to new finds and the results of joint archaeological research by scientists from Mongolia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and other countries: D. Tseveendorzh (Mongolia) "Studies of rock paintings of Mongolia", N. Shiraishi (Japan), B. Tsogtbaatar (Mongolia) "Archaeological research of Avrag", J. Holotova-Szzinek (France) "Relations between the Xiongnu and Han Chinese in the light of new archaeological finds in Mongolia", D. Bayar, U. Erdenebat (Mongolia), G. Hyutel, E. Poole (Germany) "New results of the Mongol-German Karakorum expedition", etc.

Various aspects of the development of Mongolian statehood in modern and modern times, especially in the XX century, were considered in the reports: Ch. Dashdavaa (Mongolia) "Political regimes in Mongolia: evolution and changes", W. Barkmann (Germany) "On the political elite of Mongolia in transition", D. J. Vowden (USA) "The Red Mongols and the Yellow Faith", N. Hishigt (Mongolia) "The Mongolian Revolution of 1921: results and historical significance", H. Futaki (Japan) "Using the administrative and territorial boundaries of aimags and Khoshuns in historical research", S. Tsolmon (Mongolia) "Historical sites associated with Batmunkh Dayan Khan" I. V. Zaitsev (Russia) "Alchinovo mesto: Mongol title in the Golden Horde", etc.

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The special feature of the section " Social and Economic problems "(head-B. Delgermaa) was that some well-known state and public figures of the country participated in its work, including the first President of Mongolia, Doctor of Geological and mineralogical Sciences P. Ochirbat, former Prime Minister of the first coalition government in 1990-1992, economist D. Kropotkin. Byambasuren, former Deputy Chairman of the MNR Government in the 1980s, acad. In total, 43 reports were heard on a wide range of economic, social, political, cultural and other problems of history and modernity. In our opinion, all the reports could be roughly divided into three groups: 1) reports directly related to the anniversary, the era of the formation of a unified Mongolian state, the role of Genghis Khan, his economic, social and cultural policy; 2) reports on topical issues of political and socio-economic development of modern Mongolia; 3) reports on various aspects of the history and current situation of the Mongolian peoples of Russia and China.

Among the first group, in our opinion, the following reports should be noted: acad. ASM T. Namjim "Genghis Khan-a valuable heritage of national pride", G. Erdenezhav (Mongolia) "The power of the first Mongolian state consisted in the protection of the eternal sky", T. May (USA) "From the Nukers to the Noyons: the social revolution of Genghis Khan", Z. Baasanzhav (Mongolia) " The main features of state social policy in the period of Great Mongolia", D. Dashzhamts (Mongolia) "Ethical thinking of Genghis", V. Veit (Germany) "Political significance of tribal consciousness in the Mongol Empire in the XIII century", Ahmet Tasagi (Turkey) "The idea of the state among the early Mongol tribes", N. Nimaev (Russia) "Mongols: etymology of the ethnonym and the problem of the ancestral homeland" B. B. Dashibalov (Russia) " An important aspect of the traditions of Mongolian statehood (farmers and nomads)", M. Gervers (Canada) "Felt and Mongolian statehood", etc.

T. Namjim in the above-mentioned report recalled that until the mid-1980s, under the old social system, a positive attitude towards Genghis Khan was considered in Mongolia as a manifestation of nationalism, unilateral, negative assessments of his personality and activities prevailed, he was presented as a cruel person who was supposedly born to wage aggressive, aggressive wars, conquered many countries of the world, it destroyed millions of human lives, burned down many cities and villages, destroyed their culture and civilization, and turned them into a barren desert. The main content of T. Namjim's report is primarily aimed at refuting these biased, in his opinion, assessments. The speaker argued his position by referring to specific historical facts. Genghis Khan was and remains, in his opinion, the national pride of the Mongols.

Among the reports devoted to topical issues of the current political and socio-economic situation of Mongolia and prospects for its development in the near future, we note the following: A. Campy (USA) "The position of Mongolia in the world in the year of its 800th anniversary: the search for national identity with the help of Genghis Khan", A. Sanders (Great Britain) " The image of Genghis Khan and the role of leaders in modern Mongolia", D. Byambasuren (Mongolia) "Factors and ways of development of the economy of Mongolia: some problems", R. Takiguchi (Japan) "Land relations reform in Mongolia: goals and reality", D. Dagvadorj (Mongolia) "Progress and prospects of implementation of the strategy for sustainable development of Mongolia in the XXI century", R. Takiguchi (Japan) "Land relations reform in Mongolia: goals and reality", D. Dagvadorj (Mongolia) "Progress and prospects of implementation of the strategy for sustainable development of Mongolia in the XXI century", R. Takiguchi (Japan) Rinchinbazar (Mongolia) "Problems of sustainable development of Mongolia", B. Khuldorj (Mongolia) "New branch of the economy of Mongolia: mini-mines", Chuluunbaatar (Mongolia) "Democratic traditions and the current state of democracy in Mongolia", Ts Urtnasan (Mongolia) "Changes in the lifestyle of Mongols", Saynhishig (Mongolia"Reducing social inequality is one of the main tasks of the state's social policy", G. S. Yaskina (Russia) "The role of the new statehood in Mongolia's foreign Policy", V. V. Graivoronsky (Russia) " Reforms in the social sphere of Mongolia (1990-2005)", E. V. Boikova (Russia) "Relations between Mongolian society and the state: the formation of a modern tradition", R. Sabirov (Russia) "Religion and Culture". the state in Mongolia after 1990" , etc.

A. Kempi analyzed the role and significance of Genghis Khan for the current stage of development of Mongolia, for its search for its national identity and place in the globalizing world. She came to the reasonable conclusion that " the Mongols hope that Genghis Khan's ideas will help them establish a new identity that will connect their past and present and give them a foundation for the future." According to A. Sanders, the current fourth Constitution-

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Mongolia's constitution is a better guide to competent governance than Genghis Khan's ideas.

D. Byambasuren stressed that Mongolia is currently facing an extremely acute problem, on the solution of which its future fate depends. This is a problem of economic development. Mongolia will be able to maintain its sovereignty in the midst of an intensively developing region only if it finds its own path of stable development in a short time. Otherwise, according to the speaker, it will not only fall into the position of an economically dependent satellite, but may also be on the verge of a historical tragedy. The speaker outlined his proposals for developing a national development program for the next 10 to 15 years.

G. S. Yaskina focused on the analysis of the impact of the new Mongolian statehood formed over the past 15 years on the nature and priorities of Mongolia's foreign policy. Foreign policy has been de-ideologized and democratized, the concept of foreign policy and the concept of national security have been developed and implemented, foreign policy priorities have been defined - these are Russia, China, the United States, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the EU, etc., favorable conditions have been created for the development of the private sector and attracting foreign investment. Mongolia strives to pursue an independent, open, flexible and balanced foreign policy. At the same time, it, like other countries with economies in transition, faces the challenges of full-fledged modernization, which can be solved only as a result of joint creative activities of the entire society.

V. V. Graivoronsky analyzed the features, main directions and first results of the reforms implemented in the social sphere over the past 15 years. Despite notable progress in economic and social reform, Mongolia is among the countries most dependent on external aid, but many social problems, including poverty, unemployment, crime, corruption and others, continue to remain acute.

E. Voikova's report was devoted to the current state of democracy in Mongolia and the interaction of state structures and public forces in solving the country's development problems. As a result, the role and significance of political forces radically changed in the process of democratization (the 1990s). A political opposition emerged and took shape. The tasks of further deepening the democratic process cannot be solved without attracting the potential of civil society, without establishing partnership between the authorities and society, without searching for new forms of their interaction (creating positive motivation in joint work, developing technologies for organizing effective interaction, training personnel, etc.).

The section participants were very interested in the report of Imaoka Ryoko (Japan) "Children with rickets and anemia, and the re-evaluation of traditional nomadic civilization", which presents the results of socio-medical studies of morbidity among children of recent nomadic livestock breeders who moved in recent years from rural areas to Ulaanbaatar.

Among the reports of the third group should be mentioned: M. Santaro (France) "Analysis of annotated philosophy after the foundation of the Great Mongolian State: "philosophy of the golden turtle", O. Lhagwa (Mongolia)" Eternal sky is science", B. Burensain (China)" Formation of agricultural society among the Mongols of Inner Mongolia", D. Sodnomdarzhaa (China) "Demchigdorjvan's transformations and his trip to Mongolia", L. G. Bayuraeva (Russia) "Managers in the social structure of the Republic of Buryatia", I. Stolpe (Germany) "Campaigns for Socialist culture in Mongolia", V. Dongak (Russia) "Comparative ethnosociological analysis of the ethnic identity of Tuvans of the Republic of Tuva and Tuvans of Mongolia", Kang Shin (Republic of Korea) "Concepts of Mongolia in textbooks of social studies, history and geography in Korean schools", etc. V. Dongak's report on the situation of Tuvans in Russia and Mongolia aroused great interest and raised many questions.

At the section " National language and literature "(Chairman-acad. About 40 reports of scientists from Russia, China, Japan, Mongolia, Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland were heard, most of which were devoted to the study of the language of Old Mongolian and Oirat-Kalmyk written monuments, and first of all the language of the "Hidden Legend of the Mongols" ("Secret History of the Mongols", 1240).

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A significant place in the work of the section was traditionally occupied by the issues of Turkic-Mongolian language relations and, more broadly, the Altai community of languages, the written heritage of the Mongolian peoples and the improvement of their graphic systems, the history of the formation of Mongolian languages and the deciphering of ancient Turkic inscriptions on the territory of Mongolia. In a number of reports, the peculiarities of phonetic, lexical and grammatical development of Mongolian languages and dialects in the context of ethno-cultural interaction of their native speakers in the Eurasian space were considered in comparative and historical terms.

Issues related to etymology, toponymy, ethnonymy, linguoculturology, lexicography, sociolinguistics, and national language policy in the context of globalization were also discussed. Some attention was paid to issues related to the interaction of language and culture in modern society, the sphere of functioning of certain Mongolian languages, the specifics of the linguistic picture of the world, methods and principles of describing linguistic facts and phenomena.

The topics of the reports were very diverse, new, and search-oriented. The authors drew on interesting and in many cases previously unknown materials and demonstrated modern methods of their analysis. It is important to note that along with well-known scientists, young researchers from various centers of Mongolian studies also actively participated in the work of the section.

Among the reports of Russian scientists, we note the following: V. I. Rassadin (Kalmyk State University) "On the problem of the formation of Mongolian languages", Yu. L. Vorotnikov (Russian Humanit. scientific. Foundation) "Theoretical foundations of Language Policy", N. S. Yakhontova (St. Petersburg Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences) "Sanskrit Lexicographic tradition and Mongolian Dictionaries", I. V. Kormuishn (Institute of Foreign Languages of the Russian Academy of Sciences) "On deciphering an ancient inscription from the Darvi-somon Khovdo aimag of Mongolia", E. V. Afanasyeva (IMBiT SB RAS) " Bargu-Buryat language connections", G. TS. Pyurbeev (INR RAS) "Mongolian smiles as nonverbal means of communication", E. U. Omakaeva (KIGI RAS) "On the problem of studying cultural vocabulary in Mongolian languages", P. O. Rykin (ILI RAS) " Methods and principles of semantic description of social vocabulary in the Middle Mongolian language (based on the material terms of kinship)", etc.

About 30 reports of scientists from 9 countries (Russia, Mongolia, China, Japan, Hungary, USA, Poland, Italy, Turkey) were heard at the section "Culture and Art" (head - D. Tsedev). on the problems of material and spiritual culture, art, literature, folklore and religion of the Mongolian peoples from ancient times to the present. At the same time, most of the reports were devoted to the era of the formation and existence of the Mongolian state, Genghis Khan's policy regarding the interaction of state and religion, culture and religion, as well as the history of the relationship between shamanism and Buddhism, various aspects of studying the "Hidden Legend of the Mongols", "Altai Tovchi" and other monuments, the influence of the Mongol Empire on European culture, etc. On this topic, the following reports should be noted: G. Rinchensambu (Mongolia) "Song and music art in the period of the Great Mongolian State", S. Tsedendamba (Mongolia) "Genghis Khan's policy in the field of relations between state and religion", M. Erdenebaatar (Japan) "Study of the" ritual sculpture of Saint Genghis Khan", Rinchindorj (China) "Secret History of the Mongols "and shamanic culture", A.D. Tsendina (Russia) "Oral traditions about Genghis Khan: archaic features", P. V. Khayer (USA) "The Shrine of Genghis Khan in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia", E. Luvsanbaldan (Mongolia) "About the Black bunchuk (banner) of Genghis Khan", P. Ventura (Italy) "The influence of the Mongol Empire on European culture", p. Lochin (Mongolia) "Some observations in the study of the "Hidden Legend of the Mongols", variants of" Altai Tovchi "and" Shara Tuuzha"", E. Khabunova (Russia) "Heroic epic "Jangar": some new aspects of comparative study of national versions (Kalmyk, Xinjiang and Mongolian) of the epic monument", etc.

A number of reports were devoted to the development of fiction, culture, art and religion of the Mongolian peoples in the XIX-XX centuries.

D. Tsedev (Mongolia) spoke about the manuscript of a play by the repressed writer L. Namsrai (1909-1943) about the revolutionary struggle under the leadership of Arat Ayush in Western Mongolia discovered in the state archive.

Yutaka Shibayama (Japan) presented the results of a special study using state-of-the-art digital technology with seven carefully crossed-out lines on the last page of <url>-

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a copy of the novel "Dark Rock"by the founder of modern Mongolian fiction D. Natsagdorj. The discovery of this mystery has helped shed new light on the value of this unique work, which scholars continue to debate.

T. Y. Evdokimova, Z. K. Kasyanenko, and I. V. Kulganek (all from Russia) in their report "From the History of Russian Mongolian Studies (based on the materials of the Archive of Orientalists of the St. Petersburg Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences)" presented a retrospective of the study of the Mongolian language, first at Kazan University, and with the opening of the Department of Mongolian and Kalmyk Literature at St. Petersburg University (1855). The most fruitful period of Russian Mongolistics in St. Petersburg.It is associated with the names of such Mongolists as A.V. Popov, K. F. Golstunsky, A. M. Pozdneev, V. L. Kotvich, A.D. Rudnev, B. Baradiin, A.V. Burdukov, and B. Ya.Vladimirtsov.

N. S. Yakhontova (Russia) gave a presentation on the traditions of Sanskrit lexicons in Mongolian dictionaries containing synonyms, poetic expressions, natural phenomena, etc. The most famous was the Amarakosha dictionary, translated into Tibetan. Zh. Bat-Ireedui (Mongolia) made a report on the collection of manuscripts and woodcuts in the old written Mongolian language, stored in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences. in the British Museum (dictionaries, canonical books and writings, ritual manuscripts, historical, linguistic, medical works - more than 150 copies in total). The collection was collected mainly by missionaries. A. S. Zheleznyakov (Russia) He spoke about the little-known work of the Mongolian scholar Lama Erdenepel "What is the ultimate cause of the religions professed by the Mongolian tribes?", written by him in the 30s of the XIX century. In his essay, the author summarized the works of his predecessors and determined the general parameters of Mongolian and world history for settled and nomadic societies. K. V. Orlova (Russia) in her speech "The spread of Buddhism among the Oirats" was based on the study of two works in the Oirat language - "Biography of Zaya Pandita", written in 1671. his disciple Ratnabhadra, and the History of the Dzakhchi Buddhist Monastery, compiled in 1910. In the report by I. V. Kulganek (Russia) "Formality as the basis of the canon of Mongolian oral folk poetry" considered poetic genres that give reason to speak about the existence of a canon in traditional Mongolian poetry. The report of M. P. Petrova (Russia) "New trends in the system of genres of modern Mongolian literature" was devoted to new genres in Mongolian literature that appeared against the background of changes in the economic, socio-political and cultural life of Mongolia at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. This is a psychological novel with elements of sentimentalism and science fiction, detective, domestic, and romance novels.

S. G. Batyreva (Russia) in her report "Introduction to Kalmyk folk Arts and Crafts" considered the multi-level process of ethno-cultural interaction, which largely determined the uniqueness of Kalmyk art. Moreover, art assimilated those forms and elements of culture, the nature of which corresponded to the technological capabilities of the nomads ' home and craft production, their mobile life and the established traditions of home decoration, costume and object-based household environment.

K. V. Batyreva (Russia) in her report "Mongolian traditions in Kalmyk costume" analyzed Kalmyks ' clothing in a comparative and typological way, which makes it possible to identify the degree of preservation of the proto-Mongolian clothing complex in the conditions of ethnic and cultural interaction of Kalmyks with other peoples.

At the section " Globalization and Mongolia "(head-acad. AMN B. Enkhtuvshin) About 70 reports were presented on various problems of Mongolia's history and current situation in the region and in the world as a whole. The topics of the reports can be divided into four main areas.

The first direction. Mongolia's foreign policy and its place in the modern world in the context of globalization.

A well-known scholar, Academician S. Norovsambu (Mongolia), considered the general theoretical problems of the relationship between globalization, the place and role of individual countries in the world process. L. Haisandai (Mongolia) noted that Mongolia's domestic and foreign policy is aimed at ensuring a balance of its interests in the Northeast Asian region. He also stressed that Mongolia should pay special attention to strengthening political stability, expanding national production, reducing poverty and unemployment, and raising the level of social development.-

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in the daily life of the people. By making optimal use of foreign aid, Mongolia should be free of economic dependence.

D. Narantsetseg (Mongolia) highlighted the issue of Mongolia's place in the world community. Since 1961, Mongolia has been actively involved in the work of the UN and, thanks to its support, has established and maintains relations with dozens of countries around the world, and has been able to establish itself as an independent subject of international law. Since 1990, Mongolia has sought to increase its participation in the work of international financial organizations, but the level of cooperation with them is still low. An important task at the present stage is to create a democratic society in the country, strengthen its position on the world stage by joining international treaties and conventions, etc. In the report of M. Matsuura (Japan) "Globalization and Mongolia", it was noted that Mongolia is no longer isolated from the world, it is connected to various countries, including through the Internet. This is one of the manifestations of globalization, which opens up great opportunities for Mongolia.

The topic of the report of G. Tumurchuluun (Mongolia) is "Asian policy of Mongolia". In the context of the growing role of Asia in world politics, he stressed that Mongolia faces important tasks: to join the integration process in East Asia, to strengthen bilateral relations with the countries of the region, primarily with Russia and China, as well as with major international organizations, primarily with ASEAN, APEC, etc. In his report "Globalization and Mongolia's national Security Strategy", he noted, in particular, that the implementation of the National Security Concept is possible if Mongolia actively enters into world processes and develops its relations with neighboring countries - Russia and China, as well as with the countries of the region and, more broadly, with the world community. L. Otgonchimeg (Mongolia) also attaches great importance to Mongolia's cooperation with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, primarily in the economic sphere. In her opinion, Mongolia should join regional economic cooperation agreements and make more active and purposeful use of the benefits that international organizations provide to developing countries, including Mongolia.

E. Porter (Japan) made a presentation on "Mongolia, Northeast Asia and the United States: Finding a balance of relations". The author believes that Mongolia, while developing political, economic and cultural relations with Russia, China, South Korea, Japan and the United States, should seek a reasonable balance in these relations in order to ultimately preserve its political and cultural autonomy. First of all, this concerns the active economic presence of China, which makes large investments in the Mongolian economy. D. Namsray (Mongolia), in his report "Migration of the Mongolian labor force and globalization", showed that migration in Mongolia has two main forms: one from rural areas to cities and the second from cities abroad, both of which tend to constantly increase. According to Mongolian statistics, more than 100 thousand Mongolian citizens currently live and work abroad, which negatively affects various aspects of life in Mongolia due to the overall small size of its population. In the report "Negative results of economic globalization and Mongolia" Ts. Baatar (Mongolia) noted that economic globalization has both a positive and negative impact on the socio-economic situation in various countries, including Mongolia, which has an underdeveloped economy dependent on other countries. The author believes that the main reason why Mongolia cannot fully take advantage of the opportunities of globalization is the crisis of the authoritarian system in the country.

The topic" Mongolia and the problems of nuclear weapons " was highlighted by Zh. Enkhsaikhan (Mongolia). Mongolia, which is located between two nuclear powers, must make a choice - either be a passive observer or play an active role in ensuring its future, in order to avoid consequences that could negatively affect the Mongolian nation. The author suggests turning Mongolia into a nuclear-weapon-free zone. According to him, the international community supports this initiative of Mongolia. The possible experience of creating such a zone consisting of one country could help other countries that, for geographical and geopolitical reasons, cannot become part of a regional nuclear-weapon-free zone.

The second direction. Genghis Khan's activities and his role in strengthening the Mongolian statehood.

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Many reports were devoted to the history of the Mongol Empire, in particular, various aspects of Genghis Khan's state activities in the field of politics, economics, state law, as well as the traditions of the Mongolian statehood.

B. Enkhtuvshin (Mongolia) in his report "Traditions of statehood of nomads of Mongolia and the Great Mongolian State" considered three stages of Mongolian statehood: III century BC-III century AD, III-XI centuries, and the Great Mongolian State. The first period includes the formation of traditions of Mongolian statehood during the existence of the Xiongnu Empire. The second period includes the existence of the Xianbi, Zhuzhan, Khitan and Turkic states. These states have inherited many traditions of statehood from their predecessors. These traditions were developed by the Uyghur and Turkic khaganates. The traditions of statehood were further developed after the creation of the Great Mongol State in 1206. The most important principle of statehood was the idea of unity as a priority in state policy, which became the basis for creating a powerful state. In the report of Zh. Zaankhuu (Mongolia)" A look at the state activities of Genghis Khan " the author explained that in various sources, chronicles and historical literature in the Mongolian language, there is no single term for the activities of Genghis Khan to establish the state. This concept in a broad sense includes its political, economic and state activities.

G. Schwartz (USA) in his report "The Mongolian State and Nation from Genghis Khan to the present day" expressed the view that in 2006 Mongolia celebrates not only the 800th anniversary of the founding of a new state, but also the 800th anniversary of the birth of a new nation. The report analyzes the current situation of Mongolia in the historical context. N. N. Kradin (Russia) devoted his report "Genghis Khan and pre-industrial globalization: a perspective on the development of the world system" to the formation of world systems, which, in his opinion, began not in the XIII century, as many scientists believe, but much earlier. As early as the tenth century, active trade relations between different civilizations began to develop. Mongol conquests of the 13th century They coincided with dramatic demographic and economic transformations in Eurasia and became the culmination in the history of pre-industrial civilizations. Huge cities were created in the steppe as fantastic mirages - centers of political power, transit trade, multinational culture and ideology (Karakorum, Saray-Batu). The Mongols created a mechanism for spreading cultural information throughout Eurasia.

The report of A. Nakamura (Japan), prepared on the basis of studying a wide range of archival materials stored in the Central State Archive of Mongolia and the Historical Archive of China, was devoted to the system of economic life in Mongolia in the XVIII century. The traditions of statehood of the Mongolian Empire and its state at the present stage in the context of globalization were considered in the report of N. Khavkh (Mongolia).

The third direction. Development of Mongolia in the XX century-the beginning of the XXI century: history and modernity.

The report of S. Damdinsuren (Mongolia) was devoted to traditions and innovations in Mongolian-Russian relations. He noted that relations between Mongolia and Russia have a rich history, and their significance in modern conditions goes far beyond just bilateral relations. These relations are of particular importance as a Eurasian factor contributing to the development of inter-civilizational ties. In the 20th century, Mongolian-Russian relations went through several stages of development. One of the most important facts in their history is the Soviet Union's help in securing Mongolia's sovereignty in the 1940s. At present, cross-border and regional cooperation, primarily in the economic sphere, plays an important role in bilateral relations. Mongolia and Russia face an urgent task-to develop and improve the mechanism of regional cooperation.

Considering the Mongolian-Chinese relations at the present stage, N. Altantsetseg (Mongolia) noted that they are of a pragmatic nature. Bilateral relations are most actively developing in the economic and social spheres. According to the author, in the XXI century, Mongolian-Chinese relations will become an important factor in the development of Mongolia. D. Shurkhuu (Mongolia), who delivered a report on " Mongolian-Chinese cooperation in the energy sector (current state and prospects)", expressed the opinion that the fuel and energy sector will become a priority in cooperation between the two countries in the XXI century. Mongolia has significant reserves of energy resources (coal, oil, and gas) and is ready to become an exporter of these resources to the countries of Northeast Asia, including China. Constructive approach

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Mongolia and China's approach to energy security can play an important role in the development of relations between the two countries. The author believes that strengthening cooperation in the energy sector with such countries in the region as Russia, South Korea, China, and Japan is of great economic and geopolitical importance for Mongolia.

After the formation of new priorities in Mongolia's foreign policy, the report of Tabuchi Eoko (Japan) was devoted to Mongolian-Chinese relations in the XX century. Wei Fan Wang (Taiwan) presented the report "Analysis of Sino-Russian-Mongolian relations: Sino-Russian joint military exercises". Relations between China, Russia and Mongolia, as neighboring countries, have a long history. Since the events of September 11, 2001, the United States has been strengthening its relations with Mongolia in various areas, with a particular focus on the military field. China, Mongolia's largest trading partner, continues to pursue its ties with Mongolia not only in the interests of economic development, but also to strengthen regional security. At the same time, Russia, a traditional partner of Mongolia, is less actively developing its ties with Mongolia. The Russian-Chinese military exercises held in August 2005 were intended to show whether this fact will affect the development of Mongolia's traditional relations with China and Russia and whether it will affect US-Mongolian military cooperation. The question is: what strategic line will Mongolia choose to maintain a balance in its relations with China, Russia, and the United States? The author believes that in the context of democratic changes taking place in the country, Mongolia should clearly define its place in the international community.

Zh. Battur (Mongolia), in his report "Some aspects of Mongolian-Korean relations in the 21st century", emphasized that relations with South Korea are beginning to play an increasingly important role for Mongolia, both in terms of developing contacts in the NEA region and in terms of both countries ' participation in political processes in the world as a whole. Shim Yoo Sop (South Korea) noted that financial cooperation is developing between the two countries and that Mongolia and South Korea should develop cooperation in the interests of both countries as strategic partners. First of all, this concerns trade and direct investment in the economy of Mongolia.

In the report of E. I. Lishtovanny (Russia) "Siberia and Mongolia: new relations in the XXI century", it was noted that according to geostrategic characteristics, Siberia and Mongolia are the center of the Asian macro-system and are surrounded by the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. The entire regional system is not fully functioning, because its center (Russian-Mongolian relations) is not active enough. In these conditions, along with the traditional ones, it is necessary to develop new forms of cooperation. Given the historical experience of interaction between Eastern Siberia and Mongolia, it is safe to assume that this vast region will continue to play an important role in Russian-Mongolian cooperation in the 21st century.

In his report on Mongolia's constitutional development at the present stage, J. Amarsan (Mongolia) emphasized the need to respect the constitutional rights of citizens as an essential condition for the creation and development of a democratic society in the country. O. Batsaikhan's report (Mongolia) was devoted to the role of I. Stalin in the political fate of Mongolia. Due to the worsening situation in the Far East in the early 1930s, Stalin began to pay special attention to Mongolia. From December 1933 to September 5, 1952, he held 21 official and unofficial meetings with Mongolian leaders. According to the author, Stalin's regular meetings with Mongolian leaders, as well as the constant discussion of issues related to Mongolia at the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b), indicate that Stalin was preparing for war with Japan.

The report of T. I. Yusupova (Russia) was devoted to the history of the creation and activity of the Mongolian Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences. She paid special attention to Russian-Mongolian scientific cooperation, in which the Mongolian Commission took an active part. At present, Russian-Mongolian relations are built on the basis of civilizational approaches and taking into account the national interests of the two countries.

P. Sabloff (USA) described the current democratic processes in rural Mongolia. Based on the data of several population surveys, the author came to the conclusion that during the transition period, rural residents have noticeably changed their views of the population.

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views on democratization in the country. First of all, it concerns answering the question of the Government's responsibility to its citizens.

The fourth direction. State and development of the Mongolian language and literature in the context of globalization.

In the report "Globalization and its impact on national languages" O. Adyaa (Mongolia), using the example of the Mongolian language, noted, in particular, that the Mongolian equivalent of the term "globalization" is not yet clearly defined and has at least three variants. N. Z. Sazhinova (Russia) in the report "Semantic parallels in Mongolian and European languages". She noted that the linguistic analysis of the" Secret Legend of the Mongols " and its translations into French, German and Russian makes it possible to find semantic parallels, despite the belonging of the Mongolian and European languages to different language families, which are of particular interest for studying the national picture of the world in its entirety. Yoo Won-soo (South Korea) devoted his report to the preliminary results of the joint Korean-Mongolian field expedition (2005) to study the Darkhat language of Mongolia.

In conclusion, we can conclude that the next IX International Congress of Mongol Studies demonstrated a further increase in the interest of the world scientific community in various fields of Mongolian studies, its intensive development in Mongolia itself, as well as in Russia, China, Japan, the USA, Germany and other countries. A team of young, promising researchers has emerged, the spatial-temporal and thematic scope of research has expanded, and their scientific-theoretical, methodological, and scientific-technical level has increased. Currently, there are favorable conditions and good prospects for the development of Mongolian studies in the future.

During the visit of the delegation of Russian scientists to Ulaanbaatar, a regular joint meeting of the Commission for Cooperation between the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in the field of social Sciences was held (head of the Russian part - Deputy Chairman of the Russian part of the Commission, President of the Society of Mongolian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Institute of Information Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences R. B. Rybakov, Head of the Mongolian part-Vice-President of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences Director of the International Institute for the Study of Nomadic Civilizations akad. AMN B. Enkhtuvshin). The results of the implementation of the thematic plan of scientific cooperation for 2000-2005 and the beginning of the implementation of the new plan of cooperation in 2006-2010 were discussed.

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