The Kazan School of Mongol Studies was formed and developed in the first half of the 19th century as an integral part of Russian Oriental studies, which at that time was concentrated in two centers - the Asian Museum of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and Kazan University. The history of the creation of this school and the scientific activities of its founders - O. M. Kovalevsky, V. P. Vasiliev, D. Banzarov, G. Gomboev, A. A. Bobrovnikov - were widely covered both in general works of Russian authors on the development of Oriental studies and Mongolistics in our country, and in individual monographs published in pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet times. There are works on this topic by foreign scientists.

The Kazan School of Mongol Studies was structurally based in three centers: the First Kazan Gymnasium (1769-1855), Kazan University (1807-1855), and the Kazan Theological Academy (1843-1920), which studied Oriental languages and literature, as well as the history of Eastern countries. Mongolian literature began to be studied at the gymnasium according to an extended program, according to which high school students learned parallel languages (for future Mongolists, Tatar was mandatory, and on the basis of Latin - English, German and French). At the university, the subjects became correspondingly more complex: The Mongolists continued to master Mongolian philology and Mongolian history, and studied Buddhism, philosophy, general history, and the history of world and Russian literature. At the end of the university, students submitted a dissertation, which in terms of content and richness of the material far exceeded the level of theses. At the theological academy, the main subjects were the dogmas of Christianity, but students also studied Buddhism or Islam.

Kazan University is rightly proud of its glorious past. It has created and operates a museum, the exhibits of which clearly demonstrate to visitors and students the achievements of this educational institution over the years. Major scientific events are held here, such as the conference" Kazan Oriental Studies: Traditions, Modernity and Prospects "(1996)," Katanov Readings "(1998), the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Orientalists (1999), the conference" Mirza Kazembek and Domestic Oriental Studies "(2000), the symposium "200th anniversary of the establishment of the University of Kazan". Department of Oriental Literature at Kazan University "(2007) and others.

I

The Kazan School of Mongol Studies of the first half of the XIX century has its own small historiography, consisting of a number of monographs, as well as sections and chapters of individual books. The oldest edition is "Historical Note on the First Kazan Gymnasium", published by V. V. Vladimirov in 1867. In it, the author described the creation and activities of this educational institution. Those who successfully graduated from the gymnasium had the opportunity to enter the local university, while others "entered the service of various departments as not only teachers, but also translators" [Vladimirov, 1867, p.61]. For Buryat high school students, teaching Mongolian began in the fourth grade and continued through the seventh grade inclusive. A.V. Popov taught Mongolian, followed by M. T. Navrotsky and K. F. Golstunsky. Buryat high school students who lived in the dormitory had room supervisors-G. Nikituyev, G. Gomboev, who conducted practical classes with both high school students and university students. The future sinologist and Tibetologist V. P. Vasiliev lived in a dormitory with high school students and was a student of the lama, the supervisor of G. Nikituyev. Vladimirov in his note paid special attention to the budget and economy of the gymnasium, the administrative activities of the directorate as a whole.

page 178
Following the book on the history of this gymnasium in 1892, an extensive monograph by G. V. Znamensky appeared - "The history of the Kazan Theological Academy for the First (pre - Reform) period of its existence (1842-1870)", where he presented an interesting picture of the life of the academy, and drew it in the faces of students and teachers. The author notes that the main subject of the mission department of the Kazan Theological Academy was patrology and the main tenets of this religion. There were also anti-Buddhist and anti-Muslim branches that criticized the foundations of Buddhism and Islam (Znamensky, 1852).

For the first time, biographical information about Professor O. M. Kovalevsky and A.V. Popov appeared in the Biographical Dictionary of Professors and Teachers of Kazan University (1804-1904), compiled by N. P. Zagoskin [Zagoskin, 1904].

Academician V. V. Barthold gave lectures on the history of Russian Oriental studies in the 19th century at Leningrad State University and the Leningrad Institute of Living Oriental Languages. Covering the history of the organization of the Mongolian Language Department at the Faculty of Philosophy of Kazan University, he reported that "the trustee of the Kazan Educational District decided to establish the Department of Mongolian Language and Literature at Kazan University in 1828", and A.V. Igumnov was appointed as a teacher of the Mongolian language. Based on the study of archival sources, V. V. Barthold established that O. M. Kovalevsky and A. A. Popov were at the same time appointed adjuncts after passing the exams with Schmidt in St. Petersburg [Barthold, vol.9, 1977, p. 453].

The historiographer of Kazan State University was M. K. Korbut, who published the monograph "Kazan State University named after V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin for 125 years (1804/05-1929/30)" (Korbut, 1930). Many historians rightly consider his work fundamental.

Kazan historian G. F. Shamov was one of the initiators of the study of the formation of Russian Mongolian studies. His dissertation "The role of Orientalists of Kazan University in the study of Mongolia and China (I half of the XIX century)" contains a huge and very diverse documentary material on the history of education of the Eastern category at the Faculty of Philosophy of Kazan University. The scientist for the first time touched upon the most important aspects of the organization of the Eastern category, touching also on general issues of the semantics of self-organizing systems (Shamov, 1956). Having studied the works of Buryat, Moscow, and Leningrad Mongol scholars, and thoroughly researched the archives of Kazan and Leningrad on Mongol studies, G. F. Shamov wrote a monograph "Professor O. M. Kovalevsky. Essay on life and scientific activity "(Shamov, 1983). The book was reviewed by D. B. Ulymzhiev and V. L. Uspensky, who generally highly appreciated the work of G. F. Shamov.

The history of Russian Mongolian studies is also covered in general works on Russian Oriental studies. A group of orientalists published the monograph "The History of Russian Oriental Studies from the XVIII century to 1917" in 2 books, which is now the most complete in covering the formation and development of Russian Oriental studies, which determined its place and role in the world science of the East. In the first book entitled "The History of Russian Oriental Studies up to the Middle of the XIX Century", chapter 3 contains a paragraph about the Kazan Center of Oriental Studies (Mazitova, 1990), which shows the role and place of Mongolian studies in this center, and chapter 6 contains a paragraph that gives an assessment and general picture of the development of Mongolian studies in this period (Sazykin, 1990].

In addition to the historians of Oriental studies from the center, the history of Russian Mongol studies in Russia in the first half of the XIX century was also studied by peripheral scientists. Thus, D. B. Ulymzhiev published a series of articles about Kazan Mongolian scholars of the XIX century, which were included in the book "Pages of Russian Mongolian Studies", consisting of seven essays on the life and work of O. M. Kovalevsky and A. V. Popov, their students D. Banzarov and A. A. Bobrovnikov, whose scientific works were included in the main fund of Mongolian linguistics of that time [Ulymzhiev, 1994]. These historical, scientific and biographical essays on Mongol scholars show the state of Russian Mongol studies in Kazan of that era as a whole, without differentiation into scientific disciplines. V. I. Rassadin's review of it says: "D. B. Ulymzhiev's book is a very valuable and timely study, the relevance of which is now very high due to the growing interest of the people in their history and culture, in the history of science of their Fatherland. It awakens in the reader good feelings for long-gone people, giants of science and knowledge, gives rise to a legitimate pride that we are descendants of these people and continue the work they started. The book teaches young people never to forget their glorious ancestors, their storytellers and singers, chroniclers and scientists, keepers of folklore, who create and make up the immortal glory of the people "[Rassadin, 1995, p. 3].

A number of scientists of Kazan University in the Soviet and post-Soviet times published works of a general nature. Thus, R. M. Valeev published the monograph "Kazan Oriental Studies: the Origins" in 1998.

page 179
and development (XIX century-20s of XX century)", covering almost a century and a half, including an essay on the development of Tatar philology. The chapter "Kazan Center of Oriental Studies in the first half-middle of the XIX century" covers the history of the formation and development of Oriental studies in Kazan, raises the problems of studying Mongolia, China and other countries (Valeev, 1998). As the author notes, after the transfer of the eastern category of Kazan University to St. Petersburg University in 1855, the study of Turkic languages was preserved here as a sign of respect for local traditions and the national environment. Unfortunately, the scientific literature about the Kazan period of Mongol studies, which appears in Ulan-Ude, Elista, and Ulaanbaatar, is poorly considered by the author, and it is not given critical assessments. V. D. Dugarov's monograph "Relations between Russia and Mongolia in the XVII-XIX centuries" is thematically close to the generalizing work of R. M. Valeev. The second chapter of the monograph includes such sections as "Formation of the foundations of Russian Mongolian studies: the end of the XVII-XVIII centuries", "The role of foreign scientists in the development of Mongolian studies", " Russian Mongolian studies in the first half of the XIX century.: The Kazan period", "The significance of the works of researchers of the East Siberian region in the development of Mongolian studies in Russia". V. D. Dugarov touches on all these aspects of Russian Mongolian studies against a broad background of the past and current state of Mongolian studies, paying special attention to the present [Dugarov, 2004].

II

Scientific Mongolian studies was founded by Academician Ya. I. Schmidt and developed by Prof. Kazan State University by O. M. Kovalevsky (1800/01-1878). Thanks to the fruitful activity of his school, Mongolian studies was finally formed as a science about Mongolia, the Mongolian peoples and their culture. O. M. Kovalevsky created a brilliant school of Mongol studies of the XIX century, which, unfortunately, did not have its own tradition in the history of Russian Mongolian studies until 1917.O. M. Kovalevsky was a general linguist - grammarian, comparator and lexicographer. He compiled a "Short Grammar of the Mongolian Book Language", which was highly appreciated in the Mongolian philology of that time. Ya. I. Schmidt gave a positive review of the publication of " Grammatiki...", and B. Laufer, reviewing the educational literature on the Mongolian language, noted "a good short grammar of Kovalevsky" out of all the grammars considered by Russian and foreign Mongolists [Laufer, 1927, p. 3].

O. M. Kovalevsky was one of the first comparativists in Russian Mongolian studies, who laid the foundations of Altaism. According to G. F. Shamov, Kovalevsky worked on a series of works on comparative historical linguistics (Shamov, 1983, p. 78). The most valuable and informative in this sense was his "Comparative Grammar of the Mongolian-Turkic and Finnish languages". This work remained in manuscript and has not reached our time.

"Mongolian-Russian-French dictionary" brought O. M. Kovalevsky world fame. Based on the reviews of J. I. Schmidt, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences awarded the compiler the P. N. Demidov Prize for this work. Its regular reviewer, turkologist V. V. Grigoriev, published several enthusiastic reviews of this dictionary in the Finnish Bulletin and Northern Review journals. An anonymous review attributed to the turkologist I. N. Berezin [Berezin, 1850, p. 25-26] contained many critical comments related to dictionary entries and interpretations of individual words. One of the pupils of O. M. Kovalevsky, K. F. Golstunsky, was also critical of the lexicographic work of his teacher. B. Laufer made a number of critical comments about the dictionary: "... Tibetan equivalents are not always correct, and despite the high dignity in general, there are numerous shortcomings in the details" [Laufer, 1927, p. 6] N. N. Poppe, highly appreciating the achievements of Mongol scholars of the XIX century in the study of Mongolian lexicography, wrote: "Compiled with great completeness and knowledge of the language, the dictionaries of Kovalevsky and Golstunsky have gained worldwide fame. It is not without reason that Kovalevsky's dictionary was published abroad and, together with Golstunsky's dictionary, formed the basis of the recently published Mongolian-Japanese dictionary, which is almost entirely a compilation of these dictionaries. But these dictionaries were compiled long ago" (Poppe, 1938, p. 1284).

G. D. Sanzheev noted that Kovalevsky's dictionary is undoubtedly "unsurpassed both in terms of the quality of its execution and the amount of lexical material it covers" [Sanzheev, 1947, p. 297]. G. N. Rumyantsev considered it "a masterpiece in the field of Mongolian lexicography" [Rumyantsev, 1947, p. 140]. Ouspensky considers this dictionary as "one of the main manuals on the old written Mongolian language even today" [Ouspensky, 1986, p. 206]. According to him, the dictionary was reprinted (photomechanically) three times: in 1933 in Beijing, in 1941 in Tianjin, and in 1964 in New York.

page 180
G. Oyuntsetseg's article "Problems of Mongolian studies in the works of O. M. Kovalevsky "states:" Noting the path passed at Kazan University, in 1842 Kovalevsky himself made an attempt to sum up some of the results of his scientific and pedagogical activities. He identified three main areas:: 1) teaching Oriental languages at the University and at the First Gymnasium; 2) providing the university with teaching aids; 3) preparing scientific papers together with professors and teachers of Oriental studies departments of the university. In European universities, Mongolian languages and literature were studied using Kovalevsky's textbooks, and his dictionary has not lost its value to this day " (Oyuntsetseg, 1995, p. 128).

O. M. Kovalevsky's scientific and teaching activities are reflected in his works on the history of Kazan University. Thus, M. K. Korbut, giving a lot of space in his work to Mongolian studies at Kazan University, noted the great and painstaking work of Kovalevsky on collecting books, woodcuts and manuscripts for Kazan University.1 N. A. Mazitova's monograph tells, in particular, about the history of the organization of the Mongolian language department, about the activities of Kovalevsky and Popov [Mazitova, 1972, pp. 57-58]. In the book " Kazan University. 1840-1979 "there is a chapter "Oriental Studies", which describes the activities of O. M. Kovalevsky and A.V. Popov [Kazansky..., 1979, pp. 68-75]. SEE Mikhailova in the V chapter of her book "Kazan University in the spiritual culture of the peoples of Eastern Russia (XIX century)" also wrote about Mongol scholars and she noted the scientific significance of O. M. Kovalevsky's speech "On the acquaintance of Europeans with Asia", delivered at the solemn meeting of Kazan University on August 8, 1837 [Mikhailova, 1991, p. 220].

The organizational activity of O. M. Kovalevsky is reflected in the book "Essays on the History of Kazan University". As is known, O. M. Kovalevsky was the rector of Kazan University, before that he was the permanent head of the Mongolian language department, the director of one of the Kazan gymnasiums, a member of the group on interdisciplinary relations, a member of the "Committee for Testing Officials", and also checked the suitability of individuals for teaching " Eastern languages in schools "[Essays..., 2002].

O. M. Kovalevsky's great contribution to the development of Mongolian studies is also reflected in scientific forums. Thus, on June 22-23, 2002, an international conference "Legacy of the Mongol scholar O. M. Kovalevsky and Modernity" was held in Kazan, dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Russian orientalist. It was organized by Kazan State University, the Institute of Oriental Studies of KSU, the Institute of Language, Literature and Art named after G. I. Ibragimov, the Institute of Social and Humanitarian Knowledge, and the Tatarstan Branch of the International Turkic Academy. This anniversary forum was attended by orientalists from Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Warsaw, as well as local scholars (Radnaev, 2001). The conference proceedings were published in a book with the same title [Valeev, 2002].

In 2004, the book "Mongol scholar O. M. Kovalevsky: Biography and Legacy (1801-1878)", supplemented with new facts and materials, was published in Kazan, which included articles by scientists from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ulan - Ude, Kazan and Warsaw (Valeev, 2004). The chapter "Biography of O. M. Kovalevsky in the context of Russian Oriental studies of the XIX century" contains informative articles by the Polish orientalist Jerzy Tulisov and R. M. Valeev. The chapter" O. M. Kovalevsky's contribution to Mongolian studies and Buddhology and his legacy " is the main theme of the publication. It includes articles by I. V. Kulganek, A. I. Khokhlov, T. Ermakova, and V. L. Uspensky.

The series of books about O. M. Kovalevsky is completed by O. N. Polyanskaya's monograph " Professor O. M. Kovalevsky and Buryatia (I half of the XIX century)", in which Kovalevsky is described as an educator and creator of the Kazan school of Mongol studies (Polyanskaya, 2004).

III

One of the most talented students of O. M. Kovalevsky at Kazan University was Dorji Banzarov (1822-1855), the first Buryat scholar of Oriental studies, a specialist in the field of Mongolian paleography, lexicology and lexicography, and grammar of the Mongolian language. Having written his main work "The Black Faith, or Shamanism among the Mongols" (1846), Banzarov entered the history of Russian Mongol studies in the first half of the XIX century. as a major representative of the Kazan School of Mongol Studies. In this work, he explained a number of ancient Mongolian anthroponyms, ethnonyms, shamanistic terms and discovered shamanic mythology in the primitive religion of the Mongols. In the 1840s.-

1 For the preserved collections of O. M. Kovalevsky's manuscripts and woodcuts, see: [Uspensky, 2004; Kulganek, 2004].

page 181
There was a polemic between the Russian orientalists acad. Ya. M. Schmidt, on the one hand, and V. V. Grigoriev, P. S. Savelyev, and N. Ya. Bichurin (Father Iakinf), on the other hand, about square writing and paidzah inscriptions. In connection with this dispute, Banzarov's article "On two Central Asian alphabets" appeared, devoted to the debatable issues of Mongolian grammatology at that time. Important aspects of Mongolian paleography are considered in his article "Explanation of a Mongolian inscription on a silver tablet found in the estate of Baron A. von Stieglitz in the Catherine province". The article "Explanation of the Mongolian inscription on the monument of Prince Isunke, nephew of Genghis Khan"is devoted to topical issues of Mongolian epigraphy. After carefully analyzing this inscription, Banzarov corrected the mistakes of J. I. Schmidt.

A number of Banzarov's works are devoted to the lexicology of the Mongolian language, in particular, Russian borrowings from the military vocabulary of the Mongolian language. He compiled the "Manchu-Russian-Mongolian dictionary", the manuscript of which is kept in the library of the Eastern Faculty of St. Petersburg University. Banzarov also dealt with problems of grammar of the Mongolian language. During his student years, he wrote a "Grammar of the Mongolian Language" in his native language, which probably died during a fire in Kazan. His grammatical views were partly reflected in a review of A. V. Popov's Grammar of the Kalmyk Language, as well as in a letter to V. V. Grigoriev dated February 2, 1850, in which he sharply criticized A. A. Bobrovnikov's position on the verbal forms of the Mongolian language [Yudakin, 2001, pp. 54-55].

The St. Petersburg scholar P. S. Savelyev wrote about Banzarov: "With a bright head, he understood the most refined questions and requirements of erudition, and in all his judgments and directions he revealed a purely European turn of mind, sympathy for modern ideas, and participation in the life and movements of humanity" [Savelyev, 1855, p.14]. Having analyzed all of Banzarov's works, in his obituary dedicated to the memory of the scientist, P. S. Savelyev quite rightly noted his contribution to Mongolian studies. V. V. Grigoriev wrote enthusiastically about him: "According to the disposition that his mind received through upbringing, he could wear a doctor's cap with honor at any European university" [Grigoriev, 1848, p.28]. Having become a sensation in the scientific circles of St. Petersburg, D. Banzarov justified the hopes of his new friends in the capital by writing a number of informative and reasoned articles that resolved controversial issues of Mongolian epigraphy and historical lexicology of that time. D. Banzarov's short-term stay in St. Petersburg was filled with great benefits for science. With his brilliant knowledge, he made a very favorable impression on St. Petersburg orientalists, as a result of which rave reviews appeared in the scientific press, which noted the innovative ideas of the scientist, which were reflected in his articles. His contemporary, Academician V. P. Vasiliev, being at the zenith of his fame, despite a very reserved attitude towards Banzarov, was forced to admit that his dissertation was about the "black faith"... of course, it is remarkable for its time" [Vasiliev, 1891, p. 89].

Such assessments are contained in reviews, abstracts and articles of not only domestic but also foreign orientalists. Thus, an employee of the magazine "Archiv für wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland", published in Berlin (1847-1867), V. Schott, in a large review of the publication of the chronicle "Sheibani-nameh" by I. N. Berezin, touched upon a number of etymological propositions and arguments of D. Banzarov, which have not lost their significance [Shott, 1851, P. 558In his obituary in memory of Banzarov, the German author gave them a high rating: "For the publication and translation of Berezin's Sheibaniad (1849), Banzarov presented four appendices that cannot be denied resourcefulness and scholarship", wrote that ""The Black Faith, or shamanism among the Mongols"... because of the new views contained in it and the great readability discovered by the young author, it found universal approval" [Shott, 1856, p. 238].

Almost all of Banzarov's articles resonated with the scientific public of those years. Especially orientalists showed genuine interest in his historical and philological studies on the etymologies of the ethnonym "Mongol", the title" Genghis", the oronym" Ergune-kun", the word"oirat". The author found an original new approach to the interpretation of complex issues of Mongolian studies, which have not lost their relevance even today. A well-known Russian writer, orientalist O. I. Senkovsky (1800 - 1859), pseudonym "Baron Barenbeus", in a review of a series of short articles by Banzarov, noted that "Mr. Dorji Banzarov, a natural Mongol, writes perfectly in Russian and knows the techniques of historical and philological criticism" [Senkovsky, 1856, p. 30 - 31].

In the preface to the Collected Works of D. Banzarov, it was said quite rightly: "Most of Banzarov's works have not lost their scientific significance in our time. Many of the questions raised by Banzarov, mainly in Mongolian philology and history, were not developed in the future; some of his theoretical constructions were widely accepted, others

page 182
they were criticized, but not in all cases they were replaced by more successful concepts" [Preface, 1955, p. 5].

N. I. Veselovsky, who reviewed the collection of articles by D. Banzarov, wrote: "A Buryat with a higher European education, who spoke Russian, French and German in addition to the natural language, a Buryat of outstanding abilities, who mastered all the scientific techniques of Western science - this is really an extraordinary phenomenon... By vocation, he was a true scientist. Nor Kazan University... not the Academy of Sciences... they did not take advantage of Banzarov's extraordinary talents" [Veselovsky, 1892, pp. 580-581].

M. K. Korbut writes in his book that Banzarov was allowed to stay in Kazan as a dependent of the University for more than three years, which gave him the opportunity to study science, publish in the scientific press, participate in the project of publishing the Library of Oriental Historians by I. N. Berezin, travel to St. Petersburg, and temporarily work in the Asian Museum under the supervision of Fr. N. Betlinka [Korbut, 1930, p. 121-122].

A. S. Shofman's book about the Kazan period of study and D. Banzarov's works examines his life and activity in the context of the history of Kazan, where the Buryat scholar spent his gymnasium and university years. Based on the study of the rich memoir literature and archival sources (some of them are given in the appendix), A. S. Shofman showed the formation of D. Banzarov as a scientist, noting the positive role of mentors in the formation of his scientific and social views (Shofman, 1956).

In the book "Dorji Banzarov. Memoirs, reviews, and stories of contemporaries, scientists, and public figures of the 19th and early 20th centuries "[Radnaev, 1997] reflect the materials of O. M. Kovalevsky on the admission of Buryat boys to the first Kazan gymnasium, excerpts from the" Historical Note on the First Kazan Gymnasium " by V. V. Vladimirov, memoirs of V. P. Vasiliev, P. I. Melnikov-Pechersky, N. I. Ilminsky.

IV

The closest friend of D. Banzarov was A. A. Bobrovnikov (1821-1865). Kazan State University and the Kazan Theological Academy played a crucial role in the education and scientific development of A. A. Bobrovnikov. Professor O. M. Kovalevsky, who guided the interests of the young man, has a great merit in this regard. Having become a Mongol grammarian, Bobrovnikov became close friends with all Kazan Mongol scholars.

P. V. Znamensky in his book on the history of the Kazan Theological Academy devoted a lot of space to the life and years of study in this institution of A. A. Bobrovnikov. The circle of interests of the latter gradually began to shift to the history and philosophy of Buddhism. He wrote a number of articles on this subject, some of which were published by N. I. Ilminsky [Ilminsky, 1865, pp. 423-435]. M. N. Zagoskin, using unknown materials, described Bobrovnikov as a Buddhist scholar [Zagoskin, 1865].

To teach the Kalmyk language at the Kazan Theological Academy, a textbook was required, which A. A. Bobrovnikov was offered to write. He asked for a business trip to the Kalmyk steppes and, having gone there, promptly wrote a textbook. "Grammar of the Mongolian-Kalmyk language" (1849) went down in the history of Mongolian linguistics as an innovative work, and its author - as a pioneer who proposed a new approach to defining parts of speech in the Mongolian language, which are called "word classes". "His grammar became known in the Academy of Sciences... It was especially appreciated by Academician O. N. Betling, who at that time was engaged in compiling a grammar of the Yakut language and fully understood the difficulties that Bobrovnikov had to overcome. Another academic philologist, Bilyarsky, a translator of V. Humboldt, was said to have thought that Bobrovnikov had perfectly studied modern German philology and various branches of Eastern languages, especially Mongolian and Turkic-Tatar, and was extremely surprised to learn that, except for Mongolian-Kalmyk, he had not studied any of the Eastern languages, did not know there is also no German language at all" [Znamensky, 1852, pp. 341-342]. Kovalevsky wrote reviews of his grammar twice, but in the last one he made a number of serious comments (Kovalevsky, 1851).

* * *

O. M. Kovalevsky's project to create his own school of Mongolian studies contained far-reaching goals, starting with the establishment of the Russian-Mongolian military school in Kyakhta to the creation of the Department of Mongolian Literature. In general, the project was completed, but the ultimate goal of O. M. Kovalevsky was not achieved.

page 183
was reached. His works were partially published; most of them remained in manuscript and perished. The school of Mongol studies created by Kovalevsky quickly disintegrated. His students D. Banzarov and G. Gomboev contracted tuberculosis from frequent malnutrition, which caused their early death. A. A. Bobrovnikov died in Orenburg in extreme poverty. V. P. Vasiliev spent 10 years in Beijing as a member of the ecclesiastical mission, then taught for a long time at St. Petersburg University.

The Kazan period of Russian orientalism is well covered in the collective fundamental work " The history of Russian Oriental Studies up to the middle of the XIX century "(book 1): "The relatively short Kazan stage in the development of scientific Mongolian studies in Russia turned out to be very important for the future fate of this branch of orientalism. During the existence of the Mongolian Department at Kazan University, the main directions in the study of the history, culture, and literature of the Mongolian peoples were identified. Mongolian grammars, anthologies, and dictionaries were created, which are so necessary for the successful training of specialists in this field of Oriental studies " [Sazykin, 1990, pp. 283-284].

Thus, Kazan University and the Kazan Theological Academy played a major role in the accelerated development of scientific Mongolian studies in Russia and Europe, which was further continued at St. Petersburg University. Kazan Mongolian studies later developed at the university as an independent branch of Russian Oriental studies.

Professor O. M. Kovalevsky, his students D. Banzarov and A. A. Bobrovnikov were included in all encyclopedic publications of the XIX-XX centuries, their biographies became a historical and cultural phenomenon not only of the past, but also of our days.

list of literature

Barthold V. V. Istoriya izucheniya Vostoka v Evrope i Rossii [History of studying the East in Europe and Russia].
Vasiliev V. P. Dorje Banzarov / / Critical and biographical dictionary of Russian writers and scientists ... S. A. Vengerova, vol. 2, vol. 23. St. Petersburg, 1891.

Berezin [Rec. on:] A. A. Bobrovnikov. Grammar of the Mongolian-Kalmyk language. Kazan, 1849 / / St. Petersburg Vedomosti, 1850, 15 Apr. (N 86).

Valeev R. M. Kazan Oriental Studies: origins and Development (XIX-20 gg. XX century). Kazan, 1998.

Valeev R. M. (editor-in-chief, comp.). Legacy of the Mongol scholar O. M. Kovalevsky and modernity. Kazan, 2002.

Valeev R. M. (editor-in-chief, comp.). The Mongol scholar O. M. Kovalevsky: biography and Legacy (1801-1878). Kazan, 2004.

Veselovsky N. I. [Review: "Black Faith or shamanism among the Mongols" and other articles by Dorji Banzarov, St. Petersburg, 1891 / / Historical Bulletin, No. 2, St. Petersburg, 1892.

Vladimirov V. V. Historical note on the First Kazan gymnasium. At 2 o'clock, Part 1. Kazan, 1867.

Grigoriev V. V. Mongol with European scholarship / / Geograficheskie izvestiya. St. Petersburg, 1848.

Dutarov V. D. Mutual relations between Russia and Mongolia in the XVII-XIX centuries (Issues of historiography). Ulan-Ude Publ., 2004.

Zagoskin N. P. Biographical dictionary of professors and teachers of Kazan University (1804-1904). In 2 parts of Part 1. Kazan, 1904.

Zagoskin M. N. Vospominaniya ob Aleksey Aleksandrovich Bobrovnikov [Memories of Alexey Alexandrovich Bobrovnikov]. N 42-43 (June 29-July 6). Irkutsk, 1865.

Znamenskiy P. V. History of the Kazan Theological Academy for the First (pre-revolutionary) period of its existence (1842-1970). Kazan, 1852.

Ilminskiy N. I. Vospominaniya ob Aleksey Aleksandrovich Bobrovnikov [Memories of Alexey Alexandrovich Bobrovnikov]. Izvestiya i uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta, vol. 1, issue 5, Kazan, 1865.

Kazan State University (1804-1979). Essays on history. Kazan, 1979.

Kovalevsky O. M. [Rec. on:] A. A. Bobrovnikov. Grammatika mongol'sko-kalmykskogo yazyka (1849) [Grammar of the Mongolian-Kalmyk language (1849)].
Korbut M. K. Kazan State University named after V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin for 125 years (1804/05-1929/30). Vol.1. Kazan, 1930.

Kulganek I. V. [O. M. Kovalevsky's funds in the archives of Saint Petersburg]. Kazan, 2004.

Laufer B. Ocherk mongolskoy literatury [An Essay on Mongolian Literature].
Mazitova N. A. The study of the Near and Middle East at Kazan University (I half of the XIX century). Kazan, 1972.

Mazitova N. A. Kazan Center of Oriental Studies // History of Russian Oriental studies up to the middle of the XIX century. Book 1. Moscow, 1990.

Mikhailova S. M. Kazan University in the spiritual culture of the peoples of the East of Russia (XIX century). Kazan, 1991.

Essays on the history of Kazan University. Kazan, 2002.

page 184
Oyuntsetseg G. Problems of Mongolian studies in the works of O. M. Kovalevsky//Polish professors and students in Russian universities. Warsaw, 1995.

Poppe N. N. Results of the study of the Mongolian language and Mongolian literature in the USSR for twenty years // Izvestiya AN SSSR 1937. Series of Social sciences. Issue 5. Moscow, 1938.

Polyanskaya O. N. Professor O. M. Kovalevsky and Buryatia (I half of the XIX century). Ulan-Ude Publ., 2004.

Preface / / d. Banzarov. Collected Works, Moscow, 1955.
Radnaev V. E. (comp.) Dorji Banzarov. Memoirs, reviews, and stories of contemporaries, scientists, and public figures of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Ulan-Ude, 1997.

Radnaev V. E. Report on the work of the jubilee international Conference dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of Professor O. M. Kovalevsky. Kazan, 22-24 June 2001 / / Vostok (Oriens). 2001, N 5.

Rassadin V. I. Zabytye stranitsy otechestvennogo mongolovedeniya [Forgotten Pages of Russian Mongolian Studies]. Pravda Buryatii, 1995, June 10.

Rumyantsev G. N. Neizvestnaya rukopis ' O. M. Kovalevskogo [Unknown manuscript of O. M. Kovalevsky]. Research Institute of Culture and Economics. Issue 7. Ulan-Ude, 1947.

Savelyev P. S. O zhizni i trudakh Dorji Banzarov [On the Life and Works of Dorji Banzarov], St. Petersburg, 1855.
Sazykin A. G. Mongol studies // History of Domestic Oriental studies until the middle of the XIX century. Book 1. Moscow, 1990.

Sanzheev G. D. Izuchenie mongolskogo yazyka i literatury [Studying the Mongolian language and literature]. Institute of Oriental Studies. Sat. 5. Moscow, 1947.

Senkovsky O. I. [Rec. on:] Biblioteka vostochnykh istorikov / Edited by prof. N. I. Berezin. Kazan, 1849 / / Biblioteka dlya chteniya [Library for Reading], Issue 1, department 6, St. Petersburg, 1856.
Ulymzhiev D. B. Pages of domestic Mongolian studies. Kazan School of Mongol Studies. Ulan-Ude Publ., 1994.

Uspenskiy V. L. [Rec. on:] G. F. Shamov. Professor O. M. Kovalevsky. Essay on life and scientific activity. Kazan. 1983 / / Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1986, N 2.

Uspensky V. L. Collection of O. M. Kovalevsky in the collection of Oriental Manuscripts and woodcuts of the St. Petersburg University Library. Kazan, 2004.

Shamov G. F. The role of Orientalists of Kazan University in the study of Mongolia and China (I half of the XIX century). Author's abstract of the cand. diss. Kazan, 1956.

Shamov G. F. Professor O. M. Kovalevsky. Essay on life and scientific activity. Kazan, 1983.

Shofman A. S. Kazan period of Dorji Banzarov's life and activity. Ulan-Ude, 1956.

Yudakin A. P. Ural-altaiskoe (tyurko-mongol) yazykoznanie [Ural-Altaiskoe (Tyurko-Mongol) yazykoznanie], Moscow, 2001.
Shott W. Ober Beresins Fusgabe und Uebersetzung des Sheibani-name // Archivftir wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland. Bd. 9, N 4. Berlin, 1851.

Shott W. Dordji Banzarov // Archivfur wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland. Bd. 15, N 2. Berlin, 1856.

Permanent link to this publication: