M. M. REPENKOVA. FROM REALISM TO POSTMODERNISM. MODERN TURKISH PROSE, Moscow: Gumanitarii, 2008, 290 p.

The book under review by M. M. Repenkova is a comprehensive, detailed study of literary events in Turkey in the context of the historical upheavals of a certain cultural environment that accompanied these events. The transition from realistic tendencies, which for a long time were dominant in the literature of Turkey, was made to the philosophical and aesthetic phenomenon of postmodernism, which seemed to be completely unrelated to the previous one, in a different direction. Moreover, this transition was made extremely boldly and confidently, which is a direct proof of the activity of internal and external processes both in the thinking of specific authors, and in the natural desire of Turkish literature to seek and find opportunities for dialogue with trends in European and world literature. At the same time, Turkish literature, despite any external influences, is firmly connected with its historical and cultural origins. Thanks to this, getting acquainted with the works of Turkish literature, we have the opportunity not only to get into the world of a particular author, but also through his artistic vision to get to know a person in a specific cultural context, traditions, and living conditions.

The work of M. M. Repenkova covers a significant period of development and movement of the literary process in Turkey. The author draws the reader's attention to the fact that the Turkish prose of the WTO-

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swarm of the half of the XX - beginning of the XXI century. - the phenomenon is complex and in many ways contradictory. The reader is convinced of how many-sided and multi-faceted was the manifestation of certain trends in literature and in the artistic aspirations and methods of specific authors during the specified period. In general, the book is an in-depth study of the process of manifestation of artistic ideas relevant for each time period through the personal, methodological, creative and human qualities of specific authors who were involved in the specific historical and social situation of their country.

In this connection, the reader's attention is drawn to the inconsistency of these processes. At any time, if we are talking about the opportunity that opens up for the author to reflect the situation as fully and openly as possible through an artistic act, a deeply dramatic need inevitably arises for the restructuring and intensity of the work of his inner consciousness. And this is almost always difficult, even painful, when it comes to a truly artistic act. In Turkish prose-a unique national phenomenon-the existence of these factors is obvious. Special, self-valuable features of Turkish literature and Turkish culture in general are most clearly manifested through the community of people, human qualities, traditions and customs, which are the root basis of the character of the people, the peculiarities of people's communication with each other, through everyday existence side by side. Literature, which is endowed with the ability to overcome the distance from the situation proposed by the author in the shortest possible way-through an artistic image-to a super-task and a creative idea that reflects the most topical and acute in the historical era and the consciousness of society, actively uses this human basis. The complexity and inconsistency of literary ideas and ways in Turkey is largely due to these factors.

One of the remarkable features of the work of M. M. Repenkova is the desire to demonstrate, expand as fully as possible the picture of the development and refraction of the themes that are relevant for each specific period, underlying the works, through the personal creative qualities of specific authors.

The introductory part of the book is devoted to a detailed analysis of the main trends that emerged and existed in the literature of Turkey at the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI century. "Social realism" is a direction that made it possible for many authors to fully reflect historical moments and identify a special type of hero. Turning to topics that very soon become "crowded" within the framework of "social realism" allows authors to expand not only the thematic, but also the genre palette, as well as bring new characters to the stage and discover new properties and motives of behavior, actions, and aspirations of a person in a particular situation. The themes of the peasantry, emigration, social reconstruction, politics, and various social movements made it possible to identify various psychological types of heroes. Genre and stylistic diversity-from the socio-political to the subjective-psychological, a variety of artistic techniques, the desire to generalize the characters ' characters in socio-political novels and the need for their extreme concreteness in psychological works, changing categories and assessments, rethinking values, and many other factors - all this complex of objectively revealing principles highlights the prospect of the emergence of a new world of art. and the development of modernist and then postmodern tendencies within the literary process of Turkey. There is a complex, multi-faceted, but also natural process of continuity in art. The author of this work reflects these positions in detail and at the same time succinctly, concisely and accurately in the first part of his book.

In the next chapter of the book, M. M. Repnenkova turns to the most interesting trend in the history of Turkish literature - "rustic" prose, which began in the 19th century, but found its real power later - in the period of the 1950s and 1970s. In this connection, the author analyzes the ways and trends, themes and directions followed by the authors who chose the key theme of the countryside and the peasantry. The author focuses on the figure of the greatest novelist Fakir Baykurt. Through his creative biography, searches, the process of forming a creative method and searching for the most complete means of expression, the history of the formation of a realistic direction associated with the theme of village life is traced. It also analyzes the work of such Turkish authors who have addressed this topic at various stages of their journey, as Khalid Zia Ushakligil, Sabahattin Ali, Yashar Kemal, Orhan Kemal.

In the period of the 1950s - 1970s, the influence of folklore traditions and folk origins on "village" prose is evident. This is one of the most interesting periods, revealing a unique and

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the necessary continuity, consistent integration of traditions and trends of a particular time. The traditions of folk art are reflected in the Turkish realistic prose of such authors as Yashar Kemal, Fakir Baykurt, Mehmed Basharan, Talip Apaydyn and others.

In the chapter "Portrait of a writer from Doomsday" M. M. Repenkova refers to the work of another major Turkish writer - Bekir Yildiz. The choice of this prose writer's works for the analysis of this historical period in Turkish literature is far from accidental: they clearly show the desire to go beyond national problems and address universal problems. The analysis of Bekir Yildiz's works emphasizes that the author has an amazing talent as a researcher of the inner world of a person, a creator of integral, diverse human types, images, and characters.

The chapter entitled "55 years in literature" is dedicated to the outstanding Turkish novelist Taryk Dursun. Unfortunately, his work has remained almost unknown to the Russian reader to this day. With the exception of a few small works of domestic Turkologists and translations into Russian of one of his novels and several short stories. By making different people the heroes of his works, he exposes the most secret sides of their souls. His work can be attributed to the genre of socio-psychological prose. In the images of his characters and themes of his works, a purely realistic beginning, due to the social aspect, and the inner spiritual world of a person, which manifests itself through behavior, actions, and their understanding of themselves in this world, closely coexist.

Mehmed Eroglu's work is a testament to the fact that Turkish literature is becoming too close within the framework of "social" and "realistic", idealization and ideologization, whose characters are drawn into the cycle of complex events by the will of fate. Problems of adaptation to the surrounding world, a dispute with him and a revolt against him formed the basis of many of the writer's works. Analyzing his works, M. M. Repenkova reveals first of all their psychological nature. The underlying motives of actions, the laws of psychology, the paths of heroes, which they embark on largely for reasons of internal order, and not external circumstances-this is what concerns Eroglu in the first place. In this sense, the author of the book draws attention to the similarity of Mehmed Eroglu with F. M. Dostoevsky.

The work of the prose writer Kaan Arslanoglu is a kind of accumulator of many literary trends in Turkish prose of the 1940s-1980s. In his works, you can recognize the features of "social realism" and socio-psychological prose, subjective psychological novel. As for postmodernism, K. Arslanoglu, being its opponent, states:: "People's minds are corrupted by postmodern books. These books are only the product of a corrupted consciousness..." He is critical and definite about the direction that has already taken root in Turkish literature.

A separate chapter of the book is devoted to the creative work of Turkish women writers. In the most diverse periods of Turkish history - from the Middle Ages to the present day - Turkish literature has been characterized by distinctive and talented women. Among them are poets Mihri-khatun, Nigar-khanim, Yashar Nazikhe, novelists Fatma Aliye, Khalideh Oedip Adivar, Suad Dervish, Kerime Nadir Azrak, Aysel Ozakyn, Leyla Erbil, Sevgi Soysal, Adalet Agaoglu.

M. M. Repenkova devotes the final part of the work to the postmodern writer Orhan Pamuk, whose name is associated with the Russian-speaking reader's idea of modern Turkish literature. The author leaves open the finale of this part, because postmodernism occupies a special place in today's Turkish culture and, developing, is reflected not only in literature, but also in culture as a whole (theater, cinema, other types of arts). Pamuk is a contemporary of ours, and today there are few serious studies of his work. The chapter "In the Labyrinth of Postmodernism", despite its relatively small volume , is far from an overview of his creative path. This is an analytical work that reveals the deepest layers, the origins of postmodern art, its subjects, forms, themes and meanings. The texts of Orhan Pamuk's two speeches given at the end of the book serve as valuable materials for confirming many of his theses: a lecture on the occasion of the Nobel Prize in December 2006 in Stockholm and a speech during the presentation of the Peace Prize of the German Booksellers ' Union in October 2005 in Frankfurt am Main.

Among the advantages of the book, I note the author's desire to assess the processes of the closest relationship between the past and future trends, to emphasize the indissoluble continuity of generations in the national Turkish literature.

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