Libmonster ID: TR-1565

Author(s) of the publication: T. A. Chikisheva →

UDC 572

Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS, 17 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail: chikisheva@ngs.ru

Paleoanthropological material is one of the most important sources for ethnogenetic reconstructions in archaeology. The article presents the results of a study of craniological series from burials of the early nomads of Central Tuva: the early (mid - second half of the VII century BC) and final (V - IV centuries BC) stages of the Aldy-Belsky culture (memorial and burial complexes Arzhan-2 and Kopto, respectively), the Uyuk-Saglyn culture (VI - IV centuries BC) and the transition period to the Xiongnu era (II century BC - I century AD) (Dogae-Baara II burial ground). The complex and dynamic anthropological composition of the Scythian population of Tuva at all stages of its existence is shown. Morphological features of the Uyuk-Saglynsk groups find a prototype in the anthropological composition of the carriers of the Mongun-Taiga culture. The Alda-Belskaya series from the Arzhan-2 mound is assumed to have a common substrate with the Early Scythian population of Gorny Altai.

Introduction

The current level of archaeological knowledge of Tuva and Central Asia as a whole allows us to divide the kulyurogeny of the early nomads of this region into stages that have their own complex of general historical and local chronological factors that stimulated and mediated the processes of ethno-cultural transformation. The early stage (the turn of IX - VIII - the turn of VI - V centuries BC) is based on the consolidation of local tribes, carriers of the traditions of the Mongun-Taiga culture, and the Okun population, pushed back to the mountain-steppe regions of Central Asia by Andronovo migrants (Savinov, 2002). During this period, the cultural relations of the population of Tuva were oriented to the east - Northern and North-Western China, Mongolia. Since the second half of the sixth century BC, events related to the geopolitical ambitions of the Achaemenid power of the Near East have become transcontinental in their influence. Starting from this time, impulses from the west appeared in the entire Asian region of the Scythian-Siberian community and new cultural traditions were formed (Marsadolov, 1999; Tairov, 1999).

There are two approaches to interpreting the observed diversity of cultural traditions of the early nomads of Tuva: within a single culture, divided into stages, and as part of several. Accordingly, the processes of culturogeny in the Scythian period are considered either as a consistent self-development of one culture, or as a change of several cultural and historical complexes [Savinov, 2002, p. 77].

The idea of a monocultural genesis of the Scythian population of Tuva was developed on the basis of archaeological materials obtained before the 1970s: S. I. Vainshtein distinguished the Kyzylgan culture [1958], L. R. Kyzlasov and M. H. Manai-Ool - uyuk [Kyzlasov, 1958, 1977, 1979; Manai-Ool, 1970]. The periodization of L. R. Kyzlasov is followed by A. M. Mandelstam, who presents the Scythian epoch of Tuva in the multi-volume edition "Archeology of the USSR" [1992].

The concept of multiculturalism in the early nomadic period of Tuva began to be developed in the 1970s and became dominant when the number of people living in the region increased.-

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lots of discovered and studied monuments, including those related to the initial stage. Among them are two elite memorial and burial complexes-Arzhan-1 (Gryaznov and Manai-Ool, 1973; Gryaznov, 1980) and Arzhan-2 (Chugunov, Parzinger, Nagler, 2002). After the discovery of the first one, M. P. Gryaznov proposed to consider its materials within the framework of a separate culture, which he called Arzhanskaya and dated to the VIII-VII centuries BC, or the Arzhansky stage of the early nomad culture [1980]. A.D. Grach identified two cultures of the Scythian period in Tuva: Aldy-Belskaya, divided into two stages - Arzhansky (VIII-VII centuries. B.C.) and Ust-Khemchik (VII-VI centuries B.C.), and Saglyn (V - III centuries B.C.) [1975, 1980]. Its periodization is generally supported by D. G. Savinov, but Arzhansky-type monuments should be singled out as an independent culture [2002]. Researchers actively conducting excavations on the territory of Tuva at the present time, monuments of the late VI-III centuries BC. they refer to the Kuyuk-Saglynsk culture, which goes back to the Aldy-Belsky substratum, and differentiate in it the Uyuk and Saglynsk traditions, which have different areas, different sources of innovative elements, and different times of their introduction into the Aldy-Belsky substratum [Semenov, 1992; Cugunov, 1998; Chugunov, 1999b, 2001; Vasiliev, Slyusarenko, Chugunov, 2003]. The final stage of the Aldy-Bel culture extends to the fifth century BC (Cugunov, 1998).

Archaeological material, of course, is crucial in reconstructing the processes of ethno-culturogeny in any spatial and temporal structure of the ancient population, and through the efforts of archaeologists, the history of the early nomads of Tuva is restored in all its many-sided interrelations, mutual influences and contacts as part of the Scythian-Siberian ethno-cultural community that developed in the steppe belt of Eurasia in the first millennium BC. verification of the conclusions obtained on the basis of archaeological data by the results of an anthropological study is of great importance. Archeology has elements of material culture, which are often borrowed from neighbors and can not always serve as evidence of a change in population. And only a specific set of human morphological features, an anthropological type found outside the area of its formation, is the most accurate evidence of migration. The use of the expressions "genetic connections" and" genetic contacts " is appropriate precisely in the interpretation of paleoanthropological data, which represent the size and shape of human skeletal bones. Although we currently do not know what specific genes determine the size and shape of the skull, zygomatic arches, nasal bones, jaws, and many details of their morphology, we understand that these traits are inherited and the similarity in them is clearly of genetic origin.

Paleoanthropological materials of the early nomad era from the territory of Tuva were studied by leading Russian anthropologists G. F. Debets and V. P. Alekseev. According to the results of these studies, the anthropological composition of the Tuvan Scythians was mixed at the level of two races - Mongoloid and Caucasian - and the ratio of the Mongoloid and Caucasian components remained unchanged during the Scythian and Hunno-Sarmatian times. The genetic connection of both components with the local population of the Bronze Age was assumed. However, the hypothetical anthropological substrate was reconstructed on the basis of modest material, which totaled two dozen skulls: from the burial grounds of Aymyrlyg XIII (Okunevskaya culture) [Gokhman, 1980], Baidag III (Karasuk culture) [Ibid.], non-essential burials of the Mongun-Taiga culture [Alekseev, 1974], and the only burial site of the Eneolithic era - early bronze age on the bank of the Toora-Khem River (Alekseev, 1984).

The first publication of paleoanthropological materials from the territory of Tuva was an article by G. F. Debets, which analyzed skulls from the excavations of S. A. Teploukhov in 1926-1929 [1950]. This material was divided into two chronological groups: early, Scythian and Hunno-Sarmatian times, and late, Early Middle Ages (approximately VII - X centuries AD). G. F. Debets stated that the population of the Early Iron Age in the territory of Tuva had a noticeable Mongoloid admixture in its anthropological composition, which is practically the same as in the Early Middle Ages. the same specific gravity was recorded by him in the Middle Ages.

Later, as the materials of the Scythian period were received from Tuva, they were studied by V. P. Alekseev and published in a number of articles. The dating of skulls from the excavations of S. A. Teploukhov was revised: the early group was divided into Scythian, synchronized with the Tagar culture of the Minusinsk basin, and Sarmatian, attributed to the turn of the new era. In these skulls, the dimensions that characterize the height of the bridge of the nose and the angles of horizontal flatness of the facial skeleton were determined, which more objectively showed the participation of the Mongoloid component in the formation of the anthropological composition of the population in different epochs. However, neither the rearrangement of the material nor a more complete anthropometric program changed the conclusions of G. F. Debetz (Alekseev, 1956). Significant differences in the ratio of the Mongoloid and Europoid components between the early (Scythian) and late (Sarmatian) skulls could not be established by V. P. Alekseev when materials from the excavations of S. I. Vainshtein and A. D. Grach in the 1950s were included in S. A. Teploukhov's series (Alekseev, 1959). They were, though,

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certain differences were noted between the groups buried in earthen mounds with a log cabin and stone mounds in a square fence, but they did not receive any historical interpretation due to the limited comparative data from the adjacent territories of Khakassia, Altai, and Mongolia.

In the next article summarizing the latest results of the study of paleoanthropological materials accumulated in Tuva, V. P. Alekseev differentiated the Mongoloid component in the Scythian population of this region into two types with differences in the size of the facial region. One of them, with large dimensions, was assumed to be of Central Asian origin, while the other, with small dimensions, was assumed to be of northern "taiga" origin (Alekseev, 1962). The series, which increased in volume and territorial coverage, again did not show a change in the ratio of the Caucasoid and Mongoloid components in the anthropological compositions of the Scythian and Hunno-Sarmatian populations.

In his last work on the paleoanthropology of Tuva, V. P. Alekseev once again summarized all the previously published material (Scythian, Hunno-Sarmatian, and Turkic times) [1984]. At the time of writing, the problem of periodization of the Scythian epoch was already acute in archaeology, but he did not regroup the Scythian craniological collection in accordance with the belonging of monuments to different cultures or their stages. This point was specified specifically. According to V. P. Alekseev, dividing the series into small groups would not allow an objective discussion of the reality of anthropological differences between them. At the same time, the material was divided into four groups based on its geographical location in Tuva's western, central, eastern, and southern regions, whose natural geographical boundaries were not discussed. The perspective of the proposed approach was based on the assumption that if cultural differences existing between monuments of different regions correlate with differences in the anthropological composition of the population, then the latter will be detected. The territorial groups turned out to be uneven in number, and two of them - eastern and southern - were represented by single and fragmentary skulls. Nevertheless, a certain pattern was revealed: signs of the Mongoloid complex were least pronounced in the western group, more pronounced in the central region, and even more pronounced in the southern and eastern regions. Moreover, the morphological complexes found resembled two Mongoloid anthropological types - Central Asian (southern group) and Baikal (eastern group).

Despite the importance of the results obtained, which indicate the complexity of the ethnogenetic processes that took place on the territory of Tuva, they cannot exhaust all the problems associated with the history of the region in the Scythian era. Many questions that need to be answered by anthropology still remain unresolved. Thus, excavations in the Turano-Uyuk hollow (Central Tuva) of the elite memorial and funerary monument Arzhan-1 provided evidence that suggests that an attribute complex was formed on the territory of Tuva at the turn of the IX-VIII centuries BC, combining Scythian - type cultures. This discovery raised particularly acute questions about the origin of the early nomads of Tuva and their influence on the Scythian world as a whole. The anthropological aspect of this problem can be considered for the first time at the present time thanks to the excavations of another elite memorial and burial complex, Arzhan - 2, carried out in 2001-2003. Prior to this event, researchers did not have skeletal remains of Tuvan nomads from the initial period of the Scythian era at their disposal.

Periods of cultural change are very difficult for reconstructing the processes of ethnoculturogeny. In the history of the early nomads of Tuva, a special place is occupied by the turn of the VI-V centuries BC, when, under the influence of foreign cultural impulses, the transformation of the autochthonous Aldy-Belsky culture began and the Uyuk-Sagly traditions were formed. According to archaeological data, the Western origin of the main innovations in the cultural genesis of the population is established, and inter-population relations at the level of individual monuments are reconstructed. Currently, we can study this process using paleoanthropological materials.

A very controversial period in the history of the early nomads of Tuva is also the turn of the III-II centuries BC, or the Late Scythian period, when new ethnic components spread in the steppe zone of Eurasia, which are recorded in the archaeological complexes of this time. On their basis, the Xiongnu state was formed in Central Asia. Paleoanthropological materials of this period are also being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

The world of early nomads was characterized by a unique migration potential, which probably became one of the reasons for the universalization of cultural attributes. However, this did not lead to the homogenization of the anthropological composition of the population of the Eurasian steppes in the Scythian epoch (Alekseev, 1986), which makes the features of skeletal morphology a good source for ethnogenetic reconstructions.

Material and methods

Thanks to the efforts of archaeologists who have been excavating in the Turan-Uyuk basin since the mid-1990s, they have accumulated a large number of new discoveries.-

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Paleoanthropological materials related to different stages of early nomad culture development are presented. They are reliably dated by modern methods of radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology (Evraziya..., 2005).

This study is based on a craniological series of several memorial and burial complexes.

1. Anthropological materials of the Early Scythian period from the Arzhan-2 mound located in the valley of the river of the same name. Obtained in 2001-2003 as a result of a joint expedition of the Hermitage Museum (St. Petersburg) and the German Archaeological Institute (Berlin). Thirteen Early Scythian burials date from the mid-second half of the 7th century BC and belong to the early stage of the Aldy-Bela archaeological culture.

2. Craniological series of the final stage of the Aldy-Belsky archaeological culture from mound 4 of the Kopto burial ground located on the right-bank terrace of the river of the same name - the right tributary of the Kaa-Khem River (Small Yenisei). The monument was excavated by the Central Asian expedition of the St. Petersburg branch of the Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage under the leadership of K. V. Chugunov in 1996 [Cugunov, 1998; Chugunov, 19996]. The mound dates back to the fifth century BC (Cugunov, 1998).

3. Craniological series of the early stage of the Uyuk-Sagly culture (VI - IV centuries BC) from the Dogee-Baary II burial ground, located on the right-bank terrace of the Biy-Khem River (Big Yenisei), 5 km above the confluence with Kaa-Khem and 8 km north of the city. Kyzyl. The monument was investigated by the Central Asian expedition of the Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage under the leadership of K. V. Chugunov. Anthropological materials were obtained during excavations in 1990-2000 (Chugunov, 1994, 1996, 1999a, 2001, 2007; Cugunov, 1998).

4. Craniological series of the Xiongnu transition period (II century BC - I century AD) from mounds 23-25 of the Dogae-Baara II burial ground.

Ethnocultural groups with anthropological similarities to paleopopulations of early nomads of Tuva were identified by hierarchical cluster analysis of a complex of craniometric features, which included the longitudinal, transverse and high-altitude diameters of the skull, the upper height and zygomatic width of the face, the smallest width of the forehead, the height and width of the orbits, the height and width of the nose, the angle of protrusion of the nasal bones, simotic and dacrial pointers, the general angle of the vertical, nasomalar and zygomaxillary angles of the horizontal profile of the face. Clustering of groups was carried out using the average link method using the SPSS data processing system. The quadratic Euclidean distance is used as a measure of their similarity. The following craniological materials were used for analysis.

5. A combined series of Okunev-type burial grounds Aymyrlyg XIII and XXVII in Central Tuva (Gokhman, 1980).

6. Male skulls from the Karasuk culture burial site Baidag III in Western Tuva [Ibid.].

7. The national team of the OKU Neva series (the first half of the second millennium BC) from Khakassia (Gromov, 1997).

8. Karasuk group (late II - early I millennium BC) from Khakassia (Rykushina, 1980).

9. A combined series of burials of the Andronovo culture in the Minusinsk basin (Alekseev, 1961).

10. The combined Andronovo series (mid - II-early I millennium BC) from Western Kazakhstan (Alekseev, 1964; Ginzburg, 1962; Komarova, 1927).

11. Andronovo national team from Northern, Central and Eastern Kazakhstan (Debets, 1948; Ginzburg, 19566; Ismagulov, 1963).

12. Skulls from burials of the Tazabagyab culture (middle II-early I millennium BC) of the Kokcha-3 burial ground (Southern Aral Sea region) (Ginzburg and Trofimova, 1972).

13. A combined series of non-antique burials of the Mongun-Taiga culture of the pre-Scythian period of Tuva (Alekseev, 1974).

14. Male skulls from uninvented burials in Western Mongolia [Ibid.].

15. Bronze Age series from the Gumugou burial ground in Xinjiang (Han Kangxin, 1986).

16. Skulls from burials of the Uyuk-Sagly culture (V-IV centuries). the Aimyrlyg burial ground in Central Tuva (Alekseyev, Gokhman, and Tumen, 1987).

17. A combined series of the Scythian period (V - III centuries BC) from different burial grounds on the territory of Tuva (Alekseev, 1984). Skulls from the western regions predominate. Most of the material comes from monuments of the Uyuk-Sagly culture.

18. A series of Hunno-Sarmatian times (III - I centuries BC) from the Aymyrlyg XXXI burial ground in Central Tuva (Bogdanova and Radzyun, 1991).

19. Craniological materials of the Hunno-Sarmatian period (I century BC - V century AD) from the Kokel monument in Central Tuva (Alekseev and Gokhman, 1970).

20. Combined series of the Hunno-Sarmatian period from different burial grounds of Tuva (Alekseev, 1984).

21. Male skulls from Early Scythian burials in Gorny Altai (VIII-VI centuries BC) [Tur, 1997].

22. A composite series from the Hunno-Sarmatian period (I century BC - III - IV centuries AD) with several localities in the central and southern regions of Gorny Altai (Chikisheva and Pozdnyakov, 2002).

23. Combined Pazyryk series (V - III centuries BC) from different burial grounds of the Altai Mountains (Chikisheva, 2003).

24. A combined series of burials of the Kara-Koba type in the Altai Mountains [Ibid.].

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25. Collection series of bolynerechensyu culture (VIII-VI centuries BC) from Bystrovka-2, -3 in the Novosibirsk Ob region (unpublished data; measurements were made in 2001 by M. V. Shlakova, a student of Novosibirsk State University).

26. A combined series of the Kamenskaya culture (III - I centuries BC) from the burial grounds of Maslyakh-1, -2 in the steppe foothills of the Altai (Rykun, 1999).

27. Male skulls of the Hunno-Sarmatian period (last centuries BC-first centuries AD) from Gilev and Karbolikha in the steppe foothills of Altai (Alekseev and Mamonova, 1988).

28. National series of Tatar culture from the Minusinsk basin (Kozintsev, 1977).

29. The national team Tashtyk series from the Minusinsk basin [Alekseev, 1961].

30. Skulls of the Scythian period (V - III centuries BC) from the Ulangom burial ground in Western Mongolia (Mamonova, 1980).

31. National series of the Xiongnu era from Mongolia [Alekseev, Gokhman, Tumen, 1987].

32. National series of the Xiongnu era from Transbaikalia (Mamonova, 1974).

33. Skulls from the Scythian period (IX-V centuries BC) from the Chauhu-4 burial ground in a small mountain valley that cuts through the southern spurs of the Tien Shan in Xinjiang (see Pozdnyakov and Komissarov, 2007).

34. Skulls of the Saka period from the Alagou burial ground in the Turfan Valley (Xinjiang) (Han Kangxin, 1995).

35. Saka national team (VII-IV centuries BC) from Northern Kazakhstan (Ginzburg, 1963).

36. Team series of Saka time (V - IV centuries BC) from East Kazakhstan (Ginzburg, 1956a, 1961).

37. Saka national team (V-IV centuries BC) from Central Kazakhstan (Debets, 1948; Ginzburg, 1956a).

38. Male skulls from the burials of the Tasmolinian culture (VII-III centuries BC) of the Karamurun and Tasmola burial grounds in Central Kazakhstan (Ismagulov, 1970).

39. Combined series of Saka period (IV-II centuries BC) from the complex of monuments of Chirikrabat culture on the territory of the ancient Syrdarya delta (Trofimova, 1963).

40. Combined Saka series (VII - VI centuries BC) from the Southern Tagisken and Uigarak burial grounds (ancient Syr Darya delta) [Itina and Yablonsky, 1997].

41. Combined series of the Saka period (IV-II centuries BC) from the complex of monuments of the Dzhetyasar culture on the territory of the ancient Syrdarya delta (Trofimova, 1958; Kiyatkina, 1993, 1995).

42. A combined series of the main burials of the Kuyusai culture from the Tumek-Kichijik (VII - V centuries BC) and Tarym-Kaya (VI - V centuries BC) burial grounds in the Pre-Karakamysh delta of the Amu Darya (Northern Turkmenistan) (Trofimova, 1979).

43. Combined series of the Saka and Early Sun period (VII - III centuries BC) from the Tien Shan (Ginzburg, 1954, 1960; Miklashevskaya, 1964).

44. National team Wusun series (IV century BC-I-II centuries AD) from Tien Shan (Ginzburg, 1954, 1960; Miklashevskaya, 1959, 1964).

45. A combined series of the Usun period (III century BC - III century AD) from various burial grounds in East Kazakhstan (near the Irtysh region) [Ginzburg, 1956a].

46. Combined Usun series (IV century BC - III century AD) from Semirechye (Ismagulov, 1962).

47. A combined series from various burial grounds of the Sargat culture (Bagashev, 2000).

48. Combined Sauromatian series (VI-IV centuries BC) from the Southern Urals (Akimova, 1968a, 1968b).

49. Combined series of the Sauromatic period (VI-IV centuries BC) from the Lower Volga region and the Volga-Don interfluve (Ginzburg, 1959; Firshtein, 1961; Konduktorova, 1962; Balabanova, 2000).

50. Combined Early Sarmatian series (IV - III centuries BC) from the Southern Urals (Akimova, 1968a).

51. A combined series of the Early Sarmatian period (IV - I centuries BC) from the Lower Volga region and the Volga-Don interfluve (Ginzburg, 1959; Toth and Firshtein, 1970).

52. The combined Central Sarmatian series (I - first half of the second century AD) from the Lower Volga region and the Volga-Don interfluve [Ibid.].

53. A combined Central Sarmatian series (I - first half of the second century AD) from the Dnieper region (Konduktorova, 1956).

54. Skulls from a burial ground near the village of Nikolaevka, Odessa region (IV-III centuries BC) in the Prut-Dniester interfluve (Velikanova, 1975).

55. Collected series of burials of Scythian nobility in the Northern Black Sea region (IV century BC, steppe Lower Dnieper region) [Firshtein, 1966; Kruz, 2005].

56. Skulls from the Scythian burial ground Nikopol (IV-III centuries BC) in the steppe Lower Dnieper region (Alekseev, 1986).

Results of the anthropological analysis

Visually, the craniological series from the Arzhan-2 mound gave the impression of being homogeneous. Comparison of intra-group variances of craniometric features with standard ones confirmed this. No significant increase in variability was found for any of the signs. On the contrary, it is reduced. This indicates that the individual values of the craniometric complex signs in the male and female groups are very close to the average group indicators (Tables 1, 2).

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Table 1. Average characteristics of male craniological series of Scythian time from the territory of Tuva

Sign

Arjan-2 (VII century BC)

Copto (5th century BC)

Dogee-Baary II (VI - IV centuries BC)

Dogee-Baary II (II century BC - I century AD)

1. Longitudinal diameter

180,89

5,16

179,8

5,3

186,20

9,39

175,50

6,76

8. Cross diameter

147,25

5,34

135,8

6,9

141,00

4,66

136,50

4,80

8 : 1. Cranial index

81,55

2,79

75,6

5,0

76,38

5,81

77,82

2,56

17. Height diameter from basion

133,78

5,38

133,7

2,3

132,71

7,11

130,50

7,33

20. Altitude diameter from porion

114,50

4,07

114,00

1,41

116,29

4,15

112,00

7,21

5. Length of skull base

105,22

9,63

100,00

2,65

103,57

5,77

100,50

1,29

9. The smallest width of the forehead

94,84

3,74

92,83

4,25

95,34

4,16

90,85

8,90

10. The greatest width of the forehead

124,75

5,95

121,67

1,15

120,88

4,39

116,25

8,85

9: 8. Frontal-transverse index

64,45

2,62

66,96

2,79

67,14

3,94

66,49

4,94

11. Width of the skull base

129,63

13,13

128,33

2,52

129,00

1,67

125,67

7,09

12. Nape width

113,38

4,63

110,33

3,06

112,63

4,96

105,50

6,45

29. Frontal chord

106,95

2,47

106,87

4,32

109,86

8,55

105,58

1,70

30. Parietal chord

111,78

5,83

110,67

10,69

113,00

8,19

108,25

8,77

31. Occipital chord

93,74

5,25

93,50

4,47

92,76

4,27

90,60

3,26

25. Sagittal arc

365,00

16,09

367,75

8,81

372,10

17,41

355,00

19,36

26. The frontal arch

125,80

5,25

128,00

0,00

130,56

7,14

124,50

6,45

27. Parietal arch

124,33

8,70

123,00

14,73

124,44

9,50

121,25

8,34

28. Occipital arch

114,78

5,36

114,75

7,46

115,60

6,83

109,25

5,62

26: 25. Fronto-sagittal index

34,50

1,02

35,05

0,87

35,22

1,32

35,08

0,48

27: 25. Parietal-sagittal index

34,04

1,25

33,63

3,35

33,54

1,59

34,14

0,60

28: 25. Occipital-sagittal index

31,45

0,96

31,22

2,29

31,23

1,48

30,79

0,84

28: 27. Occipital-parietal index

92,57

5,56

94,25

16,89

93,43

8,21

90,23

3,91

Cross bend angle of the forehead

142,91

5,22

143,30

1,66

136,65

3,65

138,95

4,99

Sub.NB. Height of the longitudinal bend of the forehead

24,13

2,54

26,93

1,07

25,61

2,50

24,58

2,57

Sub. NB.: 29. Index of the longitudinal bend of the forehead

22,60

2,69

25,24

1,66

23,30

1,10

23,31

2,80

Nape bending height

21,79

3,55

25,35

4,12

25,36

3,19

22,83

3,39

45. Zygomatic diameter

140,57

3,87

136,00

3,46

135,17

3,31

133,33

3,06

45: 8. Horizontal faciocerebral index

94,64

2,41

98,10

1,81

95,71

5,92

97,89

3,93

40. Length of the base of the face

96,56

3,89

94,00

2,65

98,00

4,10

94,67

1,53

40: 5. Face protrusion indicator

91,98

8,54

94,00

0,16

95,99

3,33

93,73

0,63

48. Upper face height

72,44

2,60

71,00

3,61

71,29

3,45

73,33

1,53

48: 17. Vertical faciocerebral index

54,08

3,02

53,11

2,12

53,74

4,81

55,71

3,78

47. Full face height

118,00

4,84

118,00

7,94

116,00

6,08

120,67

6,43

43. Upper face width

107,61

3,81

104,67

3,21

107,67

3,43

103,67

4,73

46. Average face width

100,00

4,39

93,67

1,53

97,00

3,79

98,33

4,73

60. Length of the alveolar arch

52,3

3,6

52,0

1,0

53,0

2,3

51,7

2,52

61. Width of the alveolar arch

63,9

1,7

62,7

1,5

63,8

2,3

62,3

3,06

page 125
Continuation of Table 1

61: 60. Maxilloalveolar index

122,7

8,0

120,6

5,2

121,6

1,7

120,8

7,56

62. The length of the sky

46,5

2,4

44,3

1,2

43,0

4,0

44,3

1,15

63. The width of the sky

35,7

2,0

34,8

2,4

38,7

5,1

35,6

2,10

63: 62. Palatal index

77,0

5,0

78,5

5,8

77,4

7,70

80,4

5,52

55. Nose height

52,5

2,1

52,5

2,7

51,6

3,0

53,6

3,29

54. Nose width

24,8

1,7

25,0

1,0

24,3

2,3

24,1

2,12

54: 55. Nasal pointer

47,2

4,1

47,7

3,6

48,0

4,0

45,0

1,29

51. Orbit width from mf

43,4

1,4

43,7

0,7

42,7

2,1

42,8

1,32

51a. Orbit width from d

41,0

1,9

41,1

0,5

39,9

1,3

40,4

1,05

52. Orbit height

33,3

2,1

33,1

2,1

32,0

1,4

32,2

1,35

51 : 52. Orbital pointer

77,0

6,2

75,7

4,4

75,8

3,9

75,2

2,25

52 : 51a. Orbit pointer from d

81,3

4,5

80,5

6,0

80,9

3,9

79,7

3,24

Bimalar width

97,9

3,1

97,8

2,3

98,0

3,4

96,5

1,82

Nasion height over bimalar width

15,7

2,5

15,8

0,3

18,0

2,1

16,0

2,37

Zygomaxillary width

98,7

4,5

93,8

3,8

94,8

2,9

96,6

5,96

Height of the subspinale above the zygomaxillary width

20,7

4,4

19,4

1,4

20,2

3,0

22,2

1,16

Nasomalar angle

144,5

4,6

144,1

0,6

139,7

4,1

143,4

5,02

Zygomaxillary angle

134,6

9,1

135,2

1,4

134,0

5,7

130,6

4,68

SC. Simotic width

6,8

1,9

8,5

3,6

8,6

2,0

6,3

1,53

SS. Simotic height

3,6

1,6

4,0

1,3

4,2

1,0

3,3

1,74

SS : SC. Simotic index

54,6

22,2

49,2

10,7

50,0

13,3

50,6

14,54

MC. Maxillofrontal width

19,0

2,2

17,7

1,4

19,3

2,6

18,6

3,67

MS. Maxillofrontal height

6,6

1,8

6,5

1,1

6,9

1,0

6,7

1,99

MS : MC. Maxillofrontal index

34,8

9,1

36,4

5,6

36,6

7,5

37,6

15,50

DC. Dacrial width

20,5

1,8

20,4

0,8

21,7

3,2

21,3

3,62

DS. Dacrial height

10,7

1,6

10,1

1,3

11,5

2,1

11,2

1,71

DS : DC. Dacrial index

52,5

10,0

49,6

4,8

53,8

11,6

54,1

14,95

FC. Canine fossa depth (mm)

4,3

2,1

3,6

0,9

3,8

1,7

3,6

1,29

Zygomatic bone bending height (according to Vu)

12,2

1,9

11,8

1,1

11,9

1,4

10,8

1,67

Width of the zygomatic bone (according to Vu)

55,3

3,6

56,7

4,4

55,6

2,3

54,9

3,52

Zygomatic bone bend indicator

22,1

2,4

20,9

0,6

21,4

2,8

19,7

2,87

32. Angle of the forehead profile from the nasion

83,3

4,3

85,3

5,8

83,0

3,3

79,7

3,79

GM/FH. Angle of the forehead profile from the gla-bell

75,1

4,7

78,3

3,5

76,2

3,3

73,0

3,61

72. General face profile angle

88,25

4,23

89,33

0,58

87,67

3,08

87,67

2,08

73. Profile angle of the middle part of the face

90,38

4,78

91,00

1,00

89,67

3,72

88,67

1,53

74. Profile angle of the alveolar part of the face

82,50

5,32

83,00

4,36

81,17

6,15

84,67

6,81

75. Angle of inclination of the nasal bones

65,71

7,93

68,00

2,00

64,25

6,40

63,33

4,73

75 (1). Nose protrusion angle

24,13

5,54

21,33

1,53

22,20

4,71

24,33

5,03

68(1). Length of lower jaw from condyles

111,78

5,97

111,00

1,73

110,83

6,55

114,67

5,03

79. Angle of the lower jaw branch

121,82

8,81

118,67

7,02

125,43

6,08

124,67

3,51

68. Length of the lower jaw from the corners

85,14

2,86

85,33

1,53

83,86

3,29

88,00

8,00

page 126
End of Table 1

70. Height of the lower jaw branch

57,55

4,93

57,33

5,86

55,22

8,04

50,00

1,00

71a. Smallest branch width

35,27

3,00

34,67

1,15

35,56

3,00

33,33

2,89

65. Condylar width

120,13

4,61

125,00

120,40

6,11

117,00

4,00

66. Angular width

109,60

6,00

100,33

4,16

103,29

7,97

101,00

7,94

67. Front width

48,64

1,80

46,33

0,58

46,89

3,37

45,67

2,31

69. Symphysis height

33,45

2,73

33,00

4,00

34,86

2,19

34,67

2,08

69(1). Body height

32,91

2,17

32,00

2,00

32,89

2,37

33,00

2,00

69(3). Body thickness

12,64

1,96

10,67

0,58

12,56

1,13

11,67

1,53

C*. Angle of protrusion of the chin

66,80

8,61

65,33

5,69

67,75

3,92

63,00

8,19

Nadperenosye (according to Martin 1-6)

3,80

1,14

4,00

0,82

4,31

1,11

4,75

0,96

Brow ridges (1-3)

2,10

0,74

2,00

0,00

2,00

0,00

1,75

0,50

External occipital protuberance (Broca's score 0 - 5)

1,56

1,59

0,50

0,58

1,50

2,28

3,00

2,00

Mastoid process (1-3)

2,50

0,71

2,75

0,50

2,92

0,29

2,75

0,50

Anteronosal awn (according to Broca 1-5)

4,00

0,76

3,25

0,50

2,75

1,39

4,00

1,73

Table 2. Average characteristics of female craniological series of the Scythian period from the territory of Tuva

Sign

Arjan-2 (VII century BC)

Copto (5th century BC)

Dogee-Baary II (VI - IV centuries BC)

Dogee-Baary II (II century BC - I century AD)

1. Longitudinal diameter

171,17

6,01

170,5

5,2

180,00

7,87

177,00

8. Cross diameter

140,20

6,65

143,7

4,9

139,86

3,93

145,00

8:1. Cranial index

82,96

5,53

84,3

4,1

78,49

4,04

79,20

17. Height diameter from basion

126,67

4,93

126,3

5,1

132,63

4,24

131,00

20. Altitude diameter from porion

111,75

4,03

113,40

3,58

115,25

4,10

116,00

5. Length of skull base

95,00

2,71

96,50

5,40

101,86

4,30

103,00

9. The smallest width of the forehead

92,28

3,03

94,70

4,35

94,75

4,46

98,80

10. The greatest width of the forehead

117,20

5,50

119,86

5,01

121,13

4,70

123,50

9: 8. Frontal-transverse index

65,91

3,13

66,70

1,62

68,27

3,13

70,40

11. Width of the skull base

124,75

2,87

125,29

4,96

123,50

4,59

125,50

12. Nape width

108,80

2,17

110,33

3,20

106,50

5,24

110,50

29. Frontal chord

105,64

4,56

106,44

3,89

106,05

3,13

103,95

30. Parietal chord

109,54

5,89

104,13

5,77

114,88

6,88

110,50

31. Occipital chord

90,15

2,07

92,43

4,44

93,04

5,57

94,15

25. Sagittal arc

348,33

6,43

349,63

11,44

365,67

9,84

361,50

26. The frontal arch

119,20

4,87

123,00

5,01

125,88

5,59

122,00

27. Parietal arch

119,80

2,68

116,75

8,15

126,50

8,37

120,00

28. Occipital arch

108,25

4,35

109,88

5,62

114,25

7,55

119,50

26: 25. Fronto-sagittal index

34,54

0,51

35,20

1,51

34,37

1,12

33,76

27: 25. Parietal-sagittal index

34,17

0,94

33,37

1,60

34,55

1,93

33,19

28: 25. Occipital-sagittal index

31,29

1,05

31,43

1,25

31,08

1,78

33,09

page 127
Continuation of Table 2

28: 27. Occipital-parietal index

91,65

5,43

94,43

7,21

90,46

10,28

99,95

Cross bend angle of the forehead

139,28

2,94

131,83

4,65

140,33

3,91

135,70

Sub.NB. Height of the longitudinal bend of the forehead

23,24

1,91

24,56

2,25

27,43

1,21

25,45

Sub. NB.: 29. Index of the longitudinal bend of the forehead

21,95

1,19

23,09

2,10

26,03

1,43

24,44

Nape bending height

22,53

1,90

23,66

2,62

24,86

2,48

25,75

45. Zygomatic diameter

127,50

2,12

128,00

5,07

125,33

4,41

128,00

45: 8. Horizontal faciocerebral index

89,22

4,13

89,18

5,19

90,41

2,77

40. Length of the base of the face

98,50

1,29

95,57

4,61

96,29

3,59

94,50

40: 5. Face protrusion indicator

103,76

3,76

98,78

3,74

95,16

3,81

91,70

48. Upper face height

70,20

2,86

67,00

5,26

67,17

3,76

70,50

48: 17. Vertical faciocerebral index

54,03

3,31

52,85

2,98

51,97

3,37

53,84

47. Full face height

111,33

5,13

111,75

8,18

107,00

9,17

110,00

43. Upper face width

103,30

3,67

102,00

6,06

106,43

5,00

105,50

46. Average face width

102,13

2,95

91,17

4,45

94,13

3,09

92,00

60. Length of the alveolar arch

52,0

2,0

50,0

4,5

50,5

1,9

49,0

61. Width of the alveolar arch

63,4

2,3

60,9

3,3

61,5

2,7

60,0

61: 60. Maxilloalveolar index

121,2

6,1

122,8

10,0

120,6

7,2

122,6

62. The length of the sky

45,3

2,1

44,6

3,1

43,5

2,5

43,0

63. The width of the sky

35,5

0,6

32,8

3,2

34,3

2,5

31,6

63: 62. Palatal index

78,1

4,1

72,9

5,4

78,3

7,6

73,4

55. Nose height

51,1

1,7

47,4

4,4

49,9

2,1

50,8

54. Nose width

24,8

2,1

22,3

2,0

25,1

2,0

25,5

54: 55. Nasal pointer

51,0

4,7

47,1

2,6

50,0

3,4

50,1

51. Orbit width from mf

41,8

0,8

41,2

2,5

42,3

2,3

43,5

51a. Orbit width from d

39,5

0,7

39,4

2,2

39,7

2,1

40,4

52. Orbit height

31,5

2,3

32,7

2,3

33,0

1,9

32,2

51 : 52. Orbital pointer

74,8

6,1

79,4

5,0

78,0

5,3

74,0

52 : 51a. Orbit pointer from d

80,5

6,9

83,0

5,4

82,8

5,6

79,5

Bimalar width

94,3

3,7

94,8

5,5

97,4

5,2

98,6

Nasion height over bimalar width

14,2

2,4

17,9

1,8

16,1

3,5

18,4

Zygomaxillary width

101,9

3,5

91,6

4,7

93,6

3,3

92,1

Height of the subspinale above the zygomaxillary width

19,9

1,7

21,3

2,2

18,9

2,8

18,1

Nasomalar angle

146,6

4,0

138,6

3,2

143,4

7,0

139,1

Zygomaxillary angle

136,6

4,3

130,1

4,2

136,1

5,5

137,2

SC. Simotic width

7,9

1,8

8,0

1,9

8,2

2,1

9,3

SS. Simotic height

2,7

0,5

2,9

0,8

3,5

1,1

4,7

SS : SC. Simotic index

34,5

7,2

35,5

6,1

41,5

7,9

50,3

MS. Maxillofrontal width

18,2

1,6

18,5

1,5

20,3

3,0

19,7

MS. Maxillofrontal height

5,1

0,7

5,8

1,1

6,7

1,3

8,0

MS : MC. Maxillofrontal index

27,5

3,6

31,3

5,1

32,6

8,2

40,5

DC. Dacrial width

19,9

1,9

19,9

2,1

23,1

2,8

23,5

page 128
End of Table 2

DS. Dacrial height

9,2

1,4

9,5

0,4

10,9

1,8

11,1

DS : DC. Dacrial index

47,8

5,8

48,2

5,9

46,8

7,6

46,4

FC. Canine fossa depth (mm)

3,0

0,7

2,3

0,9

3,4

1,6

4,1

Zygomatic bone bending height (according to Vu)

12,1

0,8

11,5

0,8

11,5

2,0

11,3

Width of the zygomatic bone (according to Vu)

55,8

2,0

54,1

2,5

51,9

3,5

55,1

Zygomatic bone bend indicator

21,7

0,9

21,2

1,1

22,8

3,5

20,5

32. Angle of the forehead profile from the nasion

84,8

5,6

85,2

4,1

86,4

5,5

88,5

GM/FH. Angle of the forehead profile from the glabella

79,5

3,1

80,2

6,5

81,9

5,7

84,0

72. General face profile angle

86,25

2,99

85,40

1,52

86,00

5,39

91,50

73. Profile angle of the middle part of the face

89,25

3,69

88,20

3,63

88,00

5,10

93,00

74. Profile angle of the alveolar part of the face

76,75

4,50

78,20

4,71

82,71

6,97

89,50

75. Angle of inclination of the nasal bones

65,33

4,04

66,00

3,67

62,50

7,15

65,00

75 (1). Nose protrusion angle

19,67

5,51

19,40

2,70

23,33

6,02

26,50

68(1). Length of lower jaw from condyles

108,17

4,54

104,83

9,02

105,00

5,10

79. Angle of the lower jaw branch

118,50

2,65

126,50

3,67

120,14

5,37

68. Length of the lower jaw from the corners

83,50

3,11

81,00

6,45

83,29

4,42

70. Height of the lower jaw branch

53,00

4,08

44,17

6,74

54,43

7,04

71a. Smallest branch width

37,50

1,73

32,50

1,38

33,57

1,62

65. Condylar width

113,00

4,24

112,60

5,27

111,83

4,17

66. Angular width

100,00

6,48

93,67

5,43

95,71

4,89

67. Front width

47,50

1,73

46,50

2,59

47,00

3,63

69. Symphysis height

31,13

2,59

30,17

1,17

30,17

1,17

69(1). Body height

29,00

2,94

27,67

2,88

29,17

1,47

69(3). Body thickness

14,25

1,50

11,83

0,75

11,67

1,75

With*. Angle of protrusion of the chin

75,00

6,48

70,80

6,69

63,75

6,13

Nadperenosye (according to Martin 1-6)

1,86

0,90

2,43

0,98

2,75

0,71

3,00

Brow ridges (1-3)

1,57

0,53

1,43

0,53

1,75

0,46

2,00

External occipital protuberance (Broca's score 0 - 5)

0,43

0,53

0,13

0,35

1,38

2,26

2,50

Mastoid process (1-3)

1,86

0,69

2,13

0,64

2,38

0,74

3,00

Anteronosal awn (according to Broca 1-5)

3,20

1,10

2,67

1,21

3,86

0,90

4,00

All those buried in the Arzhan-2 mound, regardless of their gender and social status, reflected in the differentiation of graves by their location on the burial field and ritual attributes, are carriers of a single craniological complex. Its characteristics are as follows: the skull is medium-high, mesobrahicrane with moderate relief; the face is broad, slightly higher in height than the average variants of the intergroup scale of trait variability; the angles of the horizontal profile of the facial region are more typical for groups of mestizo Europoid-Mongoloid origin, but they do not reach the values characteristic of representatives of northern continental Mongoloids; the vertical profile of the face straight; the nasal opening is of medium width; the bridge of the nose is high, and the angle of protrusion of the nasal bones is small. Figures 1-5 give an idea of the appearance of the skulls of the early Aldy-Bel culture carriers buried in the Arzhan-2 mound.

Craniological series of the final stage of the Aldy-Bel culture from mound 4 of the Kopto burial ground (some skulls are shown in Fig. 6-9) shows sexual dimorphism. One of the differences is observed in the shape of the skull. According to the cranial index, the male group is characterized as dolichomesocrane. Women's only includes

page 129

Fig. 1. Skull of a woman from the central ("princely") border 5 (skeleton 2) of the Arzhan-2 mound.

a-frontal norm; b - left lateral norm; c - vertical norm; d - occipital norm.

Fig. 2. Skull of a man from border 8 of the Arzhan-2 mound, a-d-see Fig. 1.

Fig. 3. Skull of a woman from border 13A (skeleton 1) of the mound

Arzhan-2.

a-d-see Figure 1.

Fig. 4. Skull of a man from border 20 (skeleton 2) of the mound

Arzhan-2.

a-d-see Figure 1.

brachycran and hyperbrachycran variants and stands out among other groups of early nomads of Tuva by the largest cranial index. At the same time, the cranial height and the ratio of components of the sagittal arch in both male and female samples from Copto are identical. The smallest component of the sagittal contour of the cranial vault is the occipital one. This feature is inherent in all four craniological series of early nomads of Tuva analyzed by me. As for the frontal and parietal components, in contrast to the Arjan-2 series, where their contribution to the sagittal arch is approximately the same, the contribution of the former is significantly greater in the Copto skulls.

page 130

Fig. 5. Skull of a man from border 26 of the Arzhan-2 mound, a-d-see Fig. 1.

Fig. 6. Skull of a man from border 1 mound 4 of the Kopto burial ground.

a-d-see Figure 1.

Fig. 7. Skull of a man from border 3 of mound 4 of the Kopto burial ground.

a-d-see Figure 1.

Fig. 8. Skull of a woman from border 4 of mound 4 of the Kopto burial ground.

a-d-see Figure 1.

Several significant differences between the female and male groups from Copto are observed in the features that characterize the facial region of the skull. One of them concerns the horizontal profile of the face. The male group is characterized by a combination of a mesognathic (medium-flattened) profile at the level of the lower edge of the zygomatic bones and a platyopal (flat) profile at the level of the orbits. This is also true for all individuals, regardless of their gender, buried in the Arzhan-2 burial mound. In the female group from the Kopto burial ground, which generally showed a noticeable decrease in the values of nasomalar and zygomaxillary angles (increased clinoproscopy), heteroprosopic variations appeared-

page 131

Fig. 9. Skull of a woman from border 5 of mound 4 of the Kopto burial ground.

a-d-see Figure 1.

10. Skull of a man from mound 26 of the Uyuk-Sagly culture of the Dogee-Baary II burial ground.

a-d-see Figure 1.

antes characterized by a cuneiform (sharp) horizontal profile of the face at the upper level and mesognath (medium-flattened), even platignath (flat) - at the middle level. Platygnathia is accompanied by the smallest angle of protrusion of the nose, and this combination of features is inherent in Mongoloid skulls.

Several differences are found in the complex of features that characterize the structure of the nasal region. The nasal index in the male group has values on the border of mesorinic and hamerinic variants. In female skulls, the nasal opening is very narrow, the size of the nasal index is minimal compared to other groups of early nomads of Tuva, and corresponds to the border of leptorine and mesorine variants. The height of the bridge of the nose in female skulls is lower than in male skulls. The angle of protrusion of the nasal bones is the same and is the smallest among the analyzed Tuvan craniological series of the Scythian period.

The height of the face in both the male and female groups from Copto is slightly less than in the Arjan-2 series, and the width is noticeably less only in the male group.

Thus, comparing the skulls from Arzhan-2 and Kopto, we find some differences between their complexes of craniometric features. In comparison with the Arjan series, the male group from Copto has an increased element of dolichomorphy, while the female group has an increased element of brachymorphy. In female skulls, the horizontal profile of the face is on average close to homoclinoprosop: the nasomalar angle corresponds to the cuneiform type of profiling, and the zygomaxillary angle is only one unit higher than the threshold of values of the clinognath type. But there are also skulls in which the positive correlation between the horizontal profile of the face at the upper and middle levels, which is characteristic of homogeneous groups, is violated.

Three morphological components are revealed in the anthropological composition of the population of the final stage of the Aldy-Belsky culture. The specifics of the male group are determined by the carriers of a complex of craniological features almost identical to those buried in the Arzhan-2 mound, but with more dolichomorphic proportions of the brain and facial parts of the skull. The main component of the anthropological composition of the female group is distinguished by brachymorphic proportions of the brain region and acute clinoprosopal profiling of the facial skull, as well as a brachycranial component with a flat face.

In the craniological series of mounds from the Uyuk-Sagly culture of the Dogee-Baary II burial ground, there is no clear differentiation of the morphological complex according to gender (some skulls are shown in Figures 10-13). In comparison with the materials from Arzhan-2 and Copto, the longitudinal diameter of the brain box has sharply increased, and mesocrane and pre-likho-crane forms have become the predominant variants of its shape. The facial region is more dolichomorphic by reducing the width of the face, while its height remains the same. Compared to the Copto skulls, the bridge of the nose has increased and the angle of departure has increased.-

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11. Skull of a man from mound 18 of the Uyuk-Sagly culture of the Dogee-Baary II burial ground.

a-d-see Figure 1.

Fig. 12. Skull of a woman from mound 8 (skeleton 2) of the Uyuk-Sagly culture of the Dogee-Baary II burial ground.

a-d-see Figure 1.

13. Skull of a woman from mound 4 (skeleton 1) Uyuk-saglynsk culture of the Dogee-Baary II burial ground.

a-d-see Figure 1.

nasal tread, but these signs did not go beyond the variations in the Arzhansky series.

Sexual dimorphism is manifested in the horizontal profile of the facial skeleton. The angles of the horizontal profile in men decreased (especially at the upper level of the facial region), and in women they increased harmoniously at both levels.

In the chronologically most recent series, which no longer belongs to the Scythian, but to the Hunno-Sarmatian period of the history of the early nomads of Tuva, there is a decrease in the main diameters of the cranium (some skulls are shown in Figures 14, 15). The slope of the forehead increased while maintaining the degree of sagittal curvature inherent in all previous series (the frontal bone is convex in all the analyzed Tuvan materials). The height diameter of the facial region increased, but at the same time the zygomatic diameter decreased in the male group, while in the female group it practically did not change (however, this observation was made on a single skull and may not reflect the main trends in the variability of the trait). The value of the nasal index significantly decreased in the male group.

Individual skulls, both male and female, exhibit disharmonious horizontal facial profiling, resulting in a stronger profile at the upper level and a flattened profile at the middle level; in one with a sharp horizontal profile of the middle part of the face, the nose protrusion angle has the lowest value in this series, although on average this indicator has increased and the nose bridge has increased. The observed violation of morphological features of the facial region associated with historical correlation indicates the first stages of mestizoization of contrasting Mongoloid and Europoid anthropological types.

If we take as the initial morphological substrate the craniological type of the group from

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14. Skull of a man from mound 23 (Tomb 3) of the Xiongnu transition period from the Dogae-Baara II burial ground.

a-d-see Figure 1.

15. Skull of a woman from mound 25 of the Xiongnu transition period from the Dogae-Baara II burial ground.

a-d-see Figure 1.

At that time, craniological data indicate that the transformation of cultural traditions in the territory of Central Tuva was accompanied by changes in the anthropological composition of the population. These changes occurred as a result of a consistent infiltration of morphological features, which are the leading differentiating features of Caucasian anthropological complexes, and were associated with a constant influx of groups of people from the western regions of the Eurasian steppes. For two transition periods - to the final stage of the Aldy-Bela culture (V century BC) and to the Hunno-Sarmatian period (late III century BC) - the craniological material captures the consequences of an impulse from the east of Eurasia: a component with a well-recognized morphological complex of the Far Eastern race appeared in the anthropological composition of the early nomads of Tuva. the main one among the population of Northern China.

Another possible explanation is the complex anthropological composition of the early nomads of the Central Tuva Basin. The pre-Scythian population of this area was not homogeneous, but included representatives of the Caucasian race (the Okunev-type burial ground of Aymyrlyg XIII) and carriers of mixed combinations of features with a predominance of Mongoloid (burials of the Karasuk-type burial ground of Baidag III) or Caucasian (a combined series of uninvented burials of the mongun-taiga culture) features. The same innovations were perceived by populations that were genetically descended from different anthropological substrates, and the change in cultural traditions was not rigidly determined by the influx of new groups of people. But even in this case, the eastern impulse associated with the population of China remains very likely.

Cluster analysis allowed us to identify craniological series that have the greatest similarity in the complex of craniometric features. This similarity suggests that the ethnocultural-genetic processes in the population groups that they represent are related. Interpretation of all the details of the dendrograms, which are the result of statistical analysis, cannot claim to be an exhaustive reconstruction of the extremely complex system of genetic relationships in the world of nomads of Eurasia. This is a large-scale, complex, multi-shadow task that will have to be solved by more than one generation of archaeologists and anthropologists. The results of any statistical analysis are not the ultimate truth. The formation of combined groups of materials published by different authors is only the beginning of assumptions and assumptions. The disparity and disparity of anthropological series is too frequent in the study of ancient cultures and ethnic groups. The quirkiness and ambiguity of information increases the range of our guesses, because we have to make a choice in which it is easy to go into the area of groundless conclusions. Is it necessary to explain how their number increases many times when the object of research is not just one specific population group, but a huge ethno-cultural community, whose history is rich

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Figure 1-7. Dendrogram of clustering of female craniological series of Early Iron and Bronze Epochs from Tuva and adjacent territories.

See Figure 16 for additional information.

violent events, migrations, and wars that erase the original boundaries between peoples and cultures, and detach complexes of physical features from their original areas. Nevertheless, dendrograms show a certain structure of ethnogenetic relationships in the system of groups. Turning to their interpretation, it should be noted that, as a rule, dendrograms constructed for male and female series have many differences. These differences accumulate the specifics of the formation of the anthropological composition of the male and female populations, determined both by the peculiarities of historical events in the regions from which paleoanthropological materials originate, and by the nature of social, consanguineous and marital ties in the collectives that they represent.

On the clustering dendrograms of Tuvan craniological series of early nomads and Bronze Age series from Tuva and adjacent Khakassia, Mongolia,and Xinjiang (Figs. One group includes native speakers of the Uyuk-Sagly culture, the autochthonous Mongun-Taiga culture, as well as the Karasuk people of the Minusinsk basin and the Andronov people of Kazakhstan. The craniological series from the Arzhana-2 and Kopto mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture are separated into a separate cluster and do not show significant similarity with the materials of the Bronze Age used for analysis. Such a distribution may indicate the autochthonous nature of the Uyuk-Sagly population, which goes back to the anthropological substrate of the Mongun-Taiga culture carriers. The chronologically earlier population of the initial stage of the Aldy-Bel culture in this group composition did not find an anthropological substrate. We will try to identify it by analyzing the series of early nomads of Eurasia as a whole, which show the greatest similarity in the complex of craniometric features with the group from Arzhan-2. Our task is not to interpret the overall clustering pattern of paleoanthropological material originating from all areas of the historical and cultural communities of early Eurasian nomads, comprising 45 craniological series and incorporating all the variability of this population conglomerate. Let's focus on the series from Tuva.

On the dendrogram of clustering of male groups (Fig. 18), a large cluster was formed that unites the early nomads of the Tien Shan region, Central and Eastern Kazakhstan, the Southern Urals, Western Siberia, Gorny Altai and Tuva. Probably, it can be extrapolated to a large anthropological community, in which the processes of complex ethno-cultural interactions took place. Two subclusters are of particular interest in terms of the topic under consideration. One of them combines a series of burials from the Uyuk-Saglynsky, Bolyperechensky, Sargat, Tashtyk and Tasmolinsky cultures and the ethnic and cultural group of Saks-Sakaravaks of the Eastern Aral Sea region (paleoanthropological material from the Tagisken and Uygarak burial grounds); the other-craniological materials from Arzhan-2, mounds of the Pazyryk culture and combined series of the Hunno-Sarmatian period of Gorny Altai and Tuva. Relatively isolated position in this large city

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18. Dendrogram of clustering of male craniological series of the Scythian-Siberian ethno-cultural community, a -cluster that unites early nomads of Central Asia, Eastern Kazakhstan, Southern Urals, and Southern Western Siberia; b - subcluster that includes a series of the Ukzh-Sagly culture (Dagee-Baary II burial ground); c-subcluster, It includes a series of early stages of the Aldy-Belsky culture (Arzhan-2 burial ground). See fig. 16 for other conditional obozn.

19. Dendrogram of clustering of female craniological series of the Scythian-Siberian ethno-cultural community.

See Figure 16 for additional information.

The cluster is occupied by skulls from the burials of the final stage of the Aldy-Belsky Copto culture and the transition to the Hunno-Sarmatian Dogee-Baara II time.

The dendrogram of clustering of female groups (Figure 19) presents a very chaotic picture, which can only be explained by more intense ethno-cultural interactions at the level of the female part of populations. The similarity of the Tuvan groups of the Scythian period with the Sakas of Xinjiang is revealed. The craniological series from Arzhan-2 showed the closest relationship with the synchronous one from Gorny Altai, i.e. the female sample, as well as the male sample, indicates the attraction of the earliest group of Tuva nomads to the population of Gorny Altai. A separate position is occupied by skulls of the transitional period to the Hunno-Sarmatian period from the Dogee-Baara II burial ground.

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Conclusions

The results of a comparative analysis of craniometric series of early nomads of Tuva indicate different anthropological substrates of the Uyuk-Saglynsky and Aldy-belsky populations. We are not talking about contrasting anthropological types that represent the basis of these substrates, but about variants within the same South Eurasian anthropological formation, whose range is connected with the central mountain-steppe regions of Eurasia (Chikisheva, 2000, 2003). Morphological features of the skulls of native speakers of the Uyuk-Saglynsk culture find a prototype in the Mongun-Taiga series. For the early Alda-Bel group from Arzhan-2, we can assume a common substrate with the Early Scythian population of Gorny Altai.

It is impossible not to dwell on the seemingly paradoxical fact of a sharp differentiation in the complex of craniometric features of Scythian series from Tuva, on the one hand, and from Khakassia (Tagar culture) and Western Mongolia (Ulangom burial ground), on the other. Although the funerary structures of the Ulangom burial ground and the burial mounds of Tuva have much in common, the closest parallels to the craniological series of early Tuvan nomads are found in Gorny Altai. The Ulangom burial ground dates back to a later time (V - III centuries BC) than Arzhan-2, and does not contain burials of the early stage of the Scythian culture. However, there are no traces of physical assimilation with the Scythian population of Western Mongolia in any cultural and chronological group of Tuva. According to the available facts, the area of the anthropological substratum of the South Eurasian formation (which unites the population of the Altai, Eastern Prityaninan, and Dzungarian Highlands) was wedged into the area of another one on the territory of Tuva, dating back to the Caucasian Afanasiev population. The territory of settlement of the Afanasyevites in the east occupied Xinjiang (Gumugou burial ground), possibly the eastern regions of modern Mongolia or reached its borders - in any case, there was an impulse from the Afanasyevite environment. From this point of view, the carriers of Tatar cultural traditions and the Chandaman group could be traced back to a common anthropological substrate.

We can also talk about the complex and dynamic anthropological composition of the Scythian population of Tuva at all stages of its existence. The ratio of Mongoloid and Europoid components in a broad sense was not constant, and the vector of variability of the craniological complex was oriented towards the strengthening of Europoid or Mongoloid features, depending on the historical situation in Eurasia.

The result of clustering the morphological features of the Tuvan craniological series generally agrees well with the archaeological parallels: the design features of memorial and burial complexes and inventory items of the Aldy-Belsky culture find analogies in the monuments of the Mayemir culture of Gorny Altai, Tasmolinsky culture of Central Kazakhstan, Tagisken and Uigarak (Savinov, 2002, p.94-95). According to K. V. Chugunov, the sources of innovative elements of the Uyuk-Sagly cultural traditions are connected with the territory of settlement of the Saka tribes and their path ran through Central and Eastern Kazakhstan, the Upper Ob region, and the Altai Mountains (Chugunov, 2001).

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 24.04.08.

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