I. ORGANIZATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL SECTION

The purpose of the special course is to provide students with knowledge of the historical geography of the Middle East (Iran and Afghanistan) and instill skills of deep understanding of this issue in a regional and global context. The course is based on lectures.

The special course sets the following tasks: to acquaint students with the main stages in the formation of the states of the region under study; to give an idea of the nature of the formation of their state borders; to identify key points in the development of the "land between the Tigris and Indus" by man, its social and environmental consequences; to identify turning points in the process of forming the population of this historical and cultural space.

The relevance of the course is due to the complexity of the current socio-political, cultural and economic situation in the region, where, along with the national boundaries defined in the first half of the XX century and the social ties generated by modernization, communication mechanisms and self-identification models set by previous epochs continue to function.

The special course is part of the curriculum for students specializing in the history and regional studies of Iran and Afghanistan at the Historical Department of the Institute of Asian and African Countries of the Lomonosov Moscow State University and, in accordance with the department's curricula, is taught in the 1st semester of the IV year.

II. COURSE CONTENT

1. Introduction

1. 1. Subject and methods of historical and geographical science

Historical geography as a discipline that develops at the intersection of natural and social sciences. The study of spatial and temporal changes in society using appropriate periodization to localize the historical process, explain a number of local features, and trace related patterns in its development.

Intra-disciplinary division of historical geography.

Historical physical geography. Subject of the study: the physical and geographical landscape of past epochs (topography, climate, water, soil, vegetation, wildlife, minerals, etc.) and its changes over a historical period of time, the influence of natural conditions on the political geography of a given country at each stage of its development.

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Historical and political geography. Tasks: finding out the external and internal borders, identifying territories and districts that stand out in historical terms, identifying places associated with certain important historical events, the location of cities and settlements, fortresses and other defensive structures, and the geography of mass movements.

Historical ethnodemographic geography. Subject of study: population in terms of its origin, formation, ethnic composition, location and movement. Historical geography and topography of cities and settlements.

Historical economic geography. Subject of the study: trends, patterns and problems of spatial distribution of productive forces in the past, the consistent course of the formation of modern localization of population and production, territorial division of labor, the system of economic districts and industry relations in a specific historical situation.

1.2. Formation of historical geography and evolution in understanding its tasks in relation to the region under study

The origin of historical and geographical studies in Renaissance Europe. Priority interest in antiquity and expansion of the horizons of European historians and geographers by the second half of the XVIII century, which is expressed in the increasingly frequent application of methods developed on the Greco-Roman material to non-European regions. The Bible and Herodotus as starting points for creating a historical and geographical picture of Persia and intensive attraction of new sources and monuments during the first half of the XIX century. The second half of the 19th century was the time of the appearance of the fundamental works of French, German and British Orientalists (S. Barbier de Meynard, K. Ritter, G. Le Strange, etc.). The role of Russian Orientalists (N. N. Khanykov, V. A. Zhukovsky, V. V. Barthold, etc.) in the development of the most important aspects of the historical geography of Iran and Central Asia Asia. Involvement of Iranian and Afghan intellectuals and scientists in the study of the geography and topography of the ancient and Middle Ages of their countries (first half of the XX century). Tasks of the historical geography of the Middle East, set by researchers of the second half of the XX century.

1.3. Specification of terminology

Content of the concepts of "Middle East", "Iran", "Persia" and their derivatives ("Greater (historical) Iran", "Iran-Central Asian region", etc.). The need to observe historicism in the use of toponyms and ethnonyms. Different approaches to periodization.

2. Sources

Real sources. Archaeological sites (Mesolithic and Neolithic complexes, ruins of Bronze Age centers, etc.), objects of everyday culture, urban development (Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian-Sasanian periods, etc.), the layout of villages, patterns of their spatial concentration and internal structure.

Written sources. Narrative monuments. Epigraphy: Assyro-Babylonian cuneiform chronicles, Achaemenid and Sasanian royal inscriptions, boundary reliefs, etc. Avesta and sacred land studies of Zoroastrianism. Herodotus, Xenophon, and the Greco-Roman geographers. Armenian cosmography. Arab geographers as the successors of the ancient land survey, the fundamental importance of their heritage due to the active participation of Muslim Iranians in its creation. An Iraqi school. Al-Balkhi school.

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Persian geographers as direct followers of the Arab ones. The growing importance of European sources (travel descriptions, embassy reports, reports of intelligence missions, works of missionaries) from the XIH-XIV centuries. Works of Ottoman authors (Kyatib Celebi, Evliya Celebi, etc.). Documentary monuments: texts related to state and temple farms, waqf documents, etc.; inter-state diplomatic acts; materials of boundary commissions, etc.

Ethnolinguistic sources. Heterogeneity, changes, and conservation of the physical type of the population. Mythology and folklore. Mythohistorical and pseudo-historical representations. Various layers of Persian and Pashtun vocabulary. Toponymy and ethnonymy: Indo-European, Afrasian, and Altaic layers; indications of toponyms on the historical character of the landscape; significance of self-names (endo-and exo-ethnonyms). "Folk etymologies".

Data from natural science disciplines: geology, biology (paleozoology, paleobotany), climatology, etc.

3. Main features of the physical geography of the Middle East

Terrain. Orography: The Iranian Highlands with Paropamiz and Hindu Kush. Pamir and Tien Shan as the eastern borders of the spread of Iranian-speaking peoples. Mountain passes. Lowlands (Kuro-Araks, Caspian, Garmsir). Deserts (Deshte-Kevir, Deshte-Lut, Registan, etc.).

Hydrography. Basins of the Caspian Sea and Indian Ocean. Indoor pools and oases. The main rivers (Sefidrud, Atrek, Amu Darya, etc.). Fluctuations in the level of the Persian Gulf during the historical period and related changes in the Kerkhe and Karuna watercourses as a factor in the development of the oldest Susiana societies.

Climate. Main zones and zones. Tropical, arid and humid subtropics.

Soils, their various types, and their conditionality of agricultural features in its historical development. The need for artificial irrigation in most of the territory of historical Iran; flood regime of irrigation of oases in the central part of the country. Loess valleys of the right tributaries of the Amu Darya and well-watered foothills of the Kopet Dag are the area of the first agricultural crops of Central Asia.

Vegetation and wildlife. Evolution of fauna and flora. Significance of anthropogenic factors. Early domestication of wild goats and sheep. The use of Zagros woodlands in shipbuilding, dating back to the Sumerian era.

4. Historical geography of Ancient Iran

4.1. Prehistoric Iranian Highlands

The main ways of settling the region by ancient man. Places of the most dense concentration of Paleolithic and Mesolithic sites (Northern Zagros, the Caspian zone, Central Asia). Anthropological type of the oldest population (Indo-Mediterranean branch of the Great Eurasian race) and its conservation: abundance of transitional forms (Mediterranean, Near-Asian, Pamir-Ferghana, Indo-Afghan, South Indian). Landscape characteristics of the main foci of the producing economy. Geographical distribution of the main early agricultural complexes: Zagros culture, Khuzistan lowland, Kashan oasis, Shiraz basin, Kopetdag foothills, Paropamiz and Hindu Kush.

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4.2. Middle East in the second half of the 4th-first half of the 2nd millennium BC

The origin of the Elamites is a Dravidian theory. Alarodii- "japhetids". The question of the ethnolinguistic affiliation of the Gutians and Kassites: Hurri-Urartian-Nakh-Dagestan, Elamo-Dravidian, Indo-Iranian hypotheses. Lullubei. "Small Two Rivers" (Karun-Kerkhe) as a continuation of the Mesopotamian civilization area and an intermediate link connecting Sumer with the Indian civilization. The emergence of proto-urban settlements and the further integration of the societies of the Iranian Highlands into the Sumerian-Akkadian cultural world. Lapis lazuli trade routes as the main routes of economic and intercultural contacts in ancient Iran. The emergence of large urban centers on transit trade routes in north-eastern and south-eastern Iran.

4.3. Ancient Iranians and their neighbors in the second half of the 2nd-first half of the 1st millennium BC

Main hypotheses regarding the early migrations of proto-Indo-Iranians. Placement of the largest Aryan tribal unions in Iran and Central Asia in the light of the Avesta and Vedas data. The problem of correlation between early Indo-Aryan and Early Iranian elements in the Aryan community. Newcomers as carriers of nomadic cattle breeding and the question of the role of Aryans in the decline of oasis-urban centers in the east of the Iranian Highlands. The ancestral home of Zoroastrianism. Economic and ecological aspects of the Avestan worldview.

Folding of the territorial ranges of Western and eastern Iranians (on both sides of the Great Iranian Desert). Ethnopolitical geography of Zagros and Elburs foothills in the mirror of Assyro-Babylonian monuments. Population movement and assimilation of local ethnic groups. Migration of Aryans towards Zagros. Formation of the first Iranian proto-state formations on the eastern outskirts of the Assyrian state: Madai, Parsuash, etc. Cimmerian and Scythian invasions as an additional factor in the Iranization of areas in the western Highlands (including the participation of autochthonous ethnic groups: Anchan, Manna, Zikirtu, etc.). The Median Kingdom of the second half of the VII-first half of the VI century BC as the first contender for the pan-Iranian leadership.

Economic geography. Main agricultural and pastoral zones. Poor urban development.

4.4. Achaemenid Kingdom of the second half of the VI-first half of the IV century BC

Persian kings as heirs of the Median sovereigns. Significant expansion of geopolitical horizons after the creation of the" kingdom of countries "under Cyrus and Cambyses (558 - 522 BC). The perception of the Akkadian model of universal monarchy as a power of the"four countries of the world". Geographical nomenclature of royal inscriptions and its verification using the Avesta and the list of satrapies of Herodotus. Administrative organization of the "imperial" space under Darius and Xerxes (522-65 BC).

Territory of satrapies and subordinate lands: specifics of status and governance. Dichotomy of the politically dominant but economically peripheral Iranian regions proper (Parthia, Hyrkania, Arachosia, etc.) and the politically subordinate but economically leading Syro-Mesopotamian region. Suziana as a "bridge" between two complexes; the non-Iranian nature of its population. Persida: features

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its position as the" crown province " of the state. The mussel: its components and historical and political significance. Bactria - "the land of a thousand cities", its sacred and mythological significance. Oasis farming in Margiana, Drangiana and Sogdiana. Irrigation networks of Khorezm.

Eastern Mediterranean as part of the Achaemenid state: Asia Minor (Phrygia, Lydia, Cappadocia), Phoenicia, Egypt. The problem of including this zone in the Iranian historical and geographical continuum.

Population, its location, and increased mobility due to the political unification of the entire Middle East. "Pre-Hellenism". Growth of cities. The royal capitals are Ecbatana, Susa, and Babylon. Persepolis as an architectural model of the "kingdom of countries". Pasar-reptiles.

Message paths. The" Royal road " of Susa-Sardis as the axis of the Achaemenid communication system.

4.5. The Conquests of Alexander the Great and their impact on the geography of the Middle East

Shifts in the political geography of the region. Fragility of the" world " power of Alexander (333-323 BC) and regional specifics of the Hellenistic Diadochi states. Seleucids (312-64 BC). Small states of the Iranian Highlands, ruled by an autochthonous elite (Atropatene, Elimaida, Persis).

Population. Hellenic colonization and its main areas (Media, Susiana, Bactriana), the network of civil communities (polis)created by it and their interaction with the" barbaric " Iranian-speaking environment (hora). The main features of the main Greek-Macedonian urban centers in the Middle East (Kongobar, Antioch Margiana, Bactra). The influence of Macedonian expansion on the geography of economy, culture, and transport.

5. Geography of Iran in the Parthian-Sasanian era

The formation of the core of the Parthian state in opposition to the main strongholds of Hellenization. The Arsacid kingdom (250 BC-224 AD) as a product of the settled-nomadic (Dakho-Parthian) frontier and the result of the first large wave of East-Iranian migrations in the south-western direction. The onslaught of Central Asian nomads as a new factor in Iran's foreign policy. The demise of Greco-Bactria (c. 130 BC) and the rise of the Kushan Kingdom, its territorial dispersion.

Polis-khora relations in the context of the Arsacid-Seleucid struggle for the "gathering" of Iranian lands. Decentralization with the stability of the political core as a distinctive feature of the Parthian statehood. Principles of mutual relations and subordination in the system of Arsacid kingdoms (Armenia, Atropatene, India, etc.). Preservation of local reigning dynasties on the outskirts of the state (Harakena, Osroena, Hyrkania). The" political dualism " of Parthia-Rome in the Middle East and its continuation in the relations between Byzantium and the Sassanids.

Formation of the Sasanian state in the first half of the third century. Campaigns of Ardashir Pa-pakan (223-241). Formation of the borders of Iran under the Sassanids (224-651). Evolution of the administrative-territorial division of the Iranian state: from the hierarchical and heterogeneous system of Arsacids (satrapies-eparchies-statmas) to the homogeneous and formally harmonious organization of government under the late Sassanids (Kusty-Tassudzhi). The significance of Khusrav I's reforms (531-579).

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Population. The formation of a supra-ethnic Iranian community. The concepts of "eran"," aneran"," Eranshahr " under the Sassanids. Religious content of the Iranian identity in this era.

Religious situation: geographical distribution of the main confessional communities of the Middle East [Zoroastrians; Christians: Monophysites (Gregorians and Jacobites), Nestorians; Jews].

Agricultural industry. Characteristic features of land ownership. Royal and temple farms. The degree of control of the shah's fiscal apparatus over rural communities. Agriculture: grain (wheat and barley) and technical (sesame and cotton) crops in the Two Rivers, horticulture in Susiana, viticulture in Parthien, rice growing in Margiana. Cattle breeding (horse breeding in Mussel, sheep breeding in Carmania). Societies of hunters and gatherers (Mount Elbursa), fishermen (Gedrosia).

Cities. "Barbarization" of poleis and parallel urban planning activities of the Parthian (Orodes I, Artabanus II, Valarsh I) and Sasanian (Shapur I, Peroz, Kavad) Shahinshahs. Features of the cities of the Iranian Highlands in comparison with the centers of the Mesopotamian lowlands. Arsacid royal residences in Nis. Ctesiphon-Seleucia-on-Tigris metropolitan agglomeration and its components. Cities of Khorezm and Sogdiana in the first half of the 1st millennium A.D. Handicraft and commercial activities. Textile production (silk weaving in the Two Rivers and Armenia, carpet weaving in Eastern Iran).

Message paths. Formation of the Great Silk Road and the "incense road"by the turn of AD. Their significance in maintaining for almost a millennium a number of geographically contiguous empires (I century BC: Rome, Parthia, Kushans, Han - VI century AD: Byzantium, Sasanian Iran, Hephthalites, Sui). Distribution of religious teachings along the routes of trade caravans (Buddhism, Manichaeism, Nestorianism).

6. Greater Iran in the Muslim period

6.1. The Arab Conquest and the Eastern regions of the Caliphate in the second half of the seventh and first half of the eleventh centuries.

Evolution in the content of the concept of "Iran" during the period under review. The development of Persian geographical terminology in connection with ethnopolitical shifts after the disappearance of the Sasanian state and the transformation of the ethnonym "eran" into a toponym (Eranzamin). Arabic ethnonyms "fure" and "ajam".

Iranian-speaking regions of the Muslim world in the second half of the seventh and first half of the tenth centuries. Unification under the auspices of the Caliphate of most of the Mediterranean-Central Asian civilizational area and the associated economic recovery as a result of the expansion of foreign trade horizons and the intensification of intercultural contacts. The Early Abbasid era (third quarter of the eighth - third quarter of the ninth century) - the golden age of classical Islamic civilization-and the place of the former provinces of the Sasanian Kingdom in the economic and administrative system of the Kingdom of Islam (Mamlakat al-Islam). Formation of a universalist worldview under the influence of the egalitarian impulse of Islam. Shu'kaya and the new understanding of Iranians of their identity in historical and geographical terms. Mythohistorical concept of Firdausi (934-1020).

Political separation of Iran and Central Asia in the second half of the tenth and first half of the eleventh centuries. Emirates of the Bunds (945-1055) and Samanids (875-99). The formation of the New Persian language as the most important indicator of the identity of Muslim societies in the eastern regions of the Caliphate and its symbiosis with Arabic within the framework of Dar al-Islam. Political and administrative divisions. Leading dynasties

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(Dulafids, Rabbadids, Justanids, Ghaznavids) and their origin (Arabs, Dalits, Kurds, Turks). Relativity and transparency of interstate borders in the context of stability of the regional division of the Middle East. A brief overview of the political destinies, economic situation, cultural situation, and ethnolinguistic picture of the main historical and geographical provinces of medieval Greater Iran. Western Iran: Arran and Azerbaijan; Jibal - Persian Iraq; Caspian regions (Shirvan, Deylem, Gilan, Mazandaran and Gorgan); Khuzestan, Luristan and Kurdistan; Fars; Kerman, Kuhistan and Mekran. Eastern Iran: Sistan and Baluchistan; Khorasan; Tokharistan, Badakhshan and Kabulistan; Gur. Relations between Iran and the Iranian - speaking regions of Central Asia-Transoxiana, Khorezm and Ferghana. Iranian-Muslim presence in Transcaucasia and Arab Iraq.

Increased mobility of the population of the Middle East in the second half of the eighth and first half of the eleventh centuries and its causes. The main urban centers. A "Muslim" city is common and special in the Iranian-Central Asian cultural context. Cities - military camps that emerged in Iran and near its borders after the Arab conquest (Kufa, Basra, Shiraz). The revival of old urban centers (Rey, Hamadan, Bukhara, Merv, Samarkand) and the emergence of new ones (Kashan, Qom, Tabriz, Nishapur, Isfahan). Fiscal oppression as a factor of urban population growth as a result of mass migrations from rural areas under the Abbasids. Dialectic of cosmopolitan nature and inner fragmentation of cities. Cities are the centers of power of the sovereign, the weakness and subordinate nature of local self-government. Layout of the main Iranian-Muslim urban centers: kuhandiz-Shahristan-Rabad triad and its variations. Specifics of the social structure and quarterly isolation. Cultural radiation of court circles and religious and educational institutions (schools, madrasas, libraries).

Placement of handicrafts and crafts in the era of the Caliphate. Metallurgy. Woodworking. Pottery production. Leather and textile production (silk weaving, carpet weaving, wool weaving). Arts and crafts, jewelry making, and luxury goods making. The issue of unity and regional diversity of Muslim art on the example of Iran and Central Asia.

6.2. Iran and Central Asia in the second half of the XI - first half of the XVI century.

The main routes of invasion from the steppe periphery. Nomadic migrations and main areas of settlement of South Semitic and Turkic-Mongolian tribes. Seljuk invasion and settlement of Turkmens in the regions of Northern Iran. Nomadic penetration and decline of agriculture. Development of the mythohistorical concept of Iran in the era of the rule of the Turkic dynasties. Borders of the Seljukid (1040-1194), Gurid (1148-1215), and Anushteginid (1097-1231) states. Specifics of interaction between the settled rural (agricultural) and urban (trade and craft) populations and nomadic pastoralists; political hegemony of the latter. Change of the "Arab - Ajam" opposition to the "Turk - Tajik" antagonism in terms of contrasting the settled and nomadic population of Iran.

The Iran-Central Asian region as part of the Genghisid world Empire, the Hu-Laguid Ulus (1261-1336) and the successor states (Jalairids, Muzaffarids, Maps). Timur's conquests (1370-1405), their negative (for Iran and Transcaucasia) and positive (for Central Asia) consequences. The Timurid appanages (1405-1510) and the Turkmen confederations of Kara-Koyunlu (1378-1469) and Ak-Koyunlu (1378-1502). The processes of Turkization of the population of the Iranian Highlands, Transcaucasia and Central Asia. The fate of Herat.

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Formation of the Indo-Persian area of Muslim civilization and its role in the development of Persian-speaking culture, economy and political life in Iran. Main districts: Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir, Sirhind, Deccan.

Structure and placement of handicrafts in the second half of the XI - first half of the XVI century. Metallurgy and textiles. Mass urban movements: the religious factor, the role of "guild" organizations (asnaf) and Sufi fraternities (tar'ik).

6.3. Greater Iran in the second half of the XVI - first half of the XVIII century. Unification of the western part of the Persian-speaking ecumene under the rule of the Safavids (1501-1736). The latter used the title "Shahanshah of Iran". The thesis of the birth of a "national Persian state" and its incorrectness. The question of Shiism as the" national religion " of the Persians or Iran. The predominance of the Persian-speaking population in Central Asia (the Bukhara Khanate) and the dominance of the Persian-speaking elite in India; mass flows of migrants from Iran to Hindustan. Administrative division and management system of Safavid Iran. Moving capitals (Tabriz-Qazvin-Isfahan) and its significance. Political role and geographical distribution of nomadic tribes (ilat). Forced population movements on the territory of the state under Abbas I (1587-1629) and his successors. Geopolitical confrontation between the Safavids and the Ottomans (the struggle for the holy cities of Shiism in Iraq), the Shaibanids (the wars in Khorasan) and the Mughals (competition for Afghan lands). Crisis and disintegration of the Safavid Shahate (1722-1736). The time of troubles and the actual division of the state between the Russian Empire, the Ottomans and the Pashto-nami-Ghilzai. Nadir Shah's attempt (1736-1747) to revive the Iranian "world power" and the political disintegration of Iran in the third quarter of the XVIII century.

6.4. Iran and Afghanistan in the second half of the XVIII - first half of the XX century.

The "revival" of Iran and Shahanshah power under the Qajars (1795-1925). Separation and consolidation of the Eastern governorates of the Nadir Shah Empire under Ahmad Durrani (1747-1774): birth of the "national Afghan state". Genesis of the ethnonym "Afgan" and the toponym "Afghanistan". Distribution and movement of the population of Iran and Afghanistan in the second half of the XVIII - first half of the XIX centuries.

Composition and population size. Polyethnicity. Unclear criteria for ethnic and religious division (such as "Iranian", "Persian", "Tajik", "Afghan", "Muslim"). Social and professional composition. Placement of handicraft and agricultural production. Regional specialization and economic geographical regions. The area of nomadic cattle breeding. Social structure of agriculture and features of land use. Characteristics of cargo flows and traditional transport networks: absolute predominance of pack transport over horse-drawn transport, underdevelopment of river communications, sea transportation.

The growing role of foreign interference in the demarcation of regional borders. The "Big Game" and the main "players": Russia and Great Britain. Russo-Iranian Wars of 1806-1813 and 1826-1828 and the loss of Transcaucasia by the Qajars. Russia's conquest of Turkestan. The Anglo-Afghan wars of 1838-1842 and 1878-1880 and the Pashtun khanates (Kabul, Kandahar, Herat), their consolidation under Abdarrahman (1880-1901). The work of border commissions and the establishment of modern borders of Iran and Afghanistan. The Herat question. Balochistan. Agreement on the Delimitation of zones of Influence in Iran of 1908 and the impact of the First World War on the situation of the northern and southern regions of the country (autonomist and separatist movements). The Anglo-Afghan War of 1919 and the problem of Pashtunistan.

Breaking the traditional system of spatial relations and geographical zoning in the Middle East in the last quarter of the XIX - first quarter of the XX century.

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the impact of Western intervention. Political and economic centralization of Iran (Reza Pahlavi) and, to a lesser extent, Afghanistan (Amanullah Khan) in the 20-30s of the XX century: changes in the status of tribal periphery (Ilat, Dagestan). Radical changes in the geography and structure of transport: the development of railway and air communication, sea communications. Overall infrastructure modernization (significant - in Iran, minimal-in Afghanistan).

The growing importance of Iran's fuel and energy complex as one of the main oil suppliers on the world market since the 1920s and its influence on the direction of migration flows within the country.

Modern states of the Middle East as both successors of the communities and political formations that preceded them and qualitatively new units in world geopolitics. The impact of external factors, including the rivalry of world powers in the region during the second half of the XIX - first half of the XX century, on their current borders. Non-compliance of the state borders of Iran and Afghanistan with the historically established limits of certain regions or areas of settlement of ethnic groups (Azerbaijanis, Kurds and Arabs of Iran, Pashtuns, Tajiks and Uzbeks of Afghanistan, Balochis). The role of radical transformation of the societies of Greater Iran in the XX century in constructing new national identities - Iranian and Afghan (nationalism of the 1930s-1940s). Preserving both traditional regionalism and the fundamental common culture of the peoples of Iran and Afghanistan due to centuries-old spiritual, cultural and social ties.

SAMPLE LIST OF QUESTIONS FOR THE TEST

1. Historical geography as an interdisciplinary science: subject, tasks, methods.

2. Toponyms "Iran", "Afghanistan", changes in their content during the history of Middle Eastern societies.

3. Physical geography of the Middle East and early centers of productive farming in Iran and Afghanistan: their landscape and ecological conditionality.

4. The first state formations in Iran and Afghanistan: geographical scope and ethnic composition of the population.

5. Avesta as the oldest source of ideas about the geographical outlook of the Aryans and the administrative-territorial division of the Achaemenid world power.

6. The Middle East in the mirror of the ancient geographical tradition.

7. Geography of Iran under the Sassanids.

8. Classical Arab-Muslim geographical tradition. Leading schools.

9. The main economic centers of Iran under the Abbasids.

10. Formation and development of the Persian geographical tradition.

11. The impact of the Mongol conquests and Timur's campaigns on the political and economic geography of medieval Iran and Central Asia.

12. Turks and Iranians during the Middle Ages. Cultural influence of the Iranian-Muslim cultural massif. The role of the classical New Persian language.

13. Formation of the Iranian territorial complex under the Safavids, Nadir Shah and Qajars. The creation of the Durran state as a starting point in the formation of modern Afghanistan.

III. EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF THE COURSE

Sources

1. Avesta / Translated from the Avesta of I. M. Steblin-Kamensky, Moscow, 1993.

2. Anania Shirakatsi. Cosmography / Translated from drevnearm. Yerevan, 1962.

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3. Babur-nameh / Trans. Co-author of the old school of M. Salye. Tashkent, 1958.

4. Herodotus. Istoriya [History], translated from the Ancient Greek by G. A. Stratanovsky, Moscow-L., 1972.

5. Zoroastrian texts. Judgments of the Spirit of reason. Creation of the basis and other texts / Translated by O. M. Chunakova, Moscow, 1997.

6. Ibn Khordadbeh. Kniga putei i stran [The Book of Paths and Countries]. Baku, 1986.

7. The Book of Marco Polo / Translated from French by I. P. Minaeva, Moscow, 1955.

8. Narshahi, Muhammad. Istoriya Bukhary [History of Bukhara]. Tash., 1897.

9. Nasir-i Khusrau. Safar-nameh / Translated from the Persian by E. E. Bertels, Moscow-L., 1933.

10. Travel journal of E. I. Chirikov, Russian commissar-intermediary on the Turkish-Persian demarcation 1849-1852. St. Petersburg, 1875.

11. Siyahet-nameh-i-hudud. Description of the trip on the Turkish-Persian border, compiled by Khurshid Efendi, former secretary of the Turkish Commissioner for the delimitation between Turkey and Persia. With the application of the report of the Persian commissar on the same journey / Translated from the tour and Persian by M. A. Gamazov, St. Petersburg, 1877.

12. Strabo. Geografiya [Geography], translated from the Ancient Greek by G. A. Stratanovsky, Moscow, 1964.

13. Evliya Celebi. Travel book. Issue 3. Moscow, 1983.

BASIC LITERATURE

1. Bartold V. V. Iran. Historical review / / Bartold V. V. Sochineniya, Vol. 7. Moscow, 1971.

2. Barthold V. V. Istoriko-geograficheskiy obzor Irana [Historical and geographical review of Iran]// Bartold V. V. Sochineniya [Works], Vol. 7, Moscow, 1971.

3. Bartold V. V. The place of the Caspian regions in the history of the Muslim world// Barthold V. V. Sochineniya [Works], Vol. 2, Part 2, Moscow, 1964.
4. Bartold V. V. Moslemskiy mir [The Muslim World] / / Bartold V. V. Sochineniya, Vol. 6, Moscow, 1966.

5. Bartold V. V. Turkestan v epokhu mongolskogo nashestviya [Turkestan in the era of the Mongol invasion].

6. Belenitsky A.M., Bentovich I. B., Bolshakov O. G. Srednevekovy gorod Srednoi Azii [Medieval City of Central Asia], Leningrad, 1973.

7. Krachkovsky I. Yu. Arab geographical literature / / Krachkovsky I. Yu. Selected works. Vol. IV. Moscow-L., 1957.

8. Metz A. Muslim Renaissance / Translated from German by A. E. Bertels, Moscow, 1966.

9. Petrushevsky I. P. Agriculture and agrarian relations in Iran of the XIII-XIV centuries.

10. Pigulevskaya N. V. Goroda Irana v rannem srednevekovie [Cities of Iran in the Early Middle Ages].

ADDITIONAL LITERATURE

1. Akhmedov B. A. Istoriya Balkha: XVI - pervaya polovina XVIII v. Istoriya Balkha: XVI-pervaya polovina XVIII v. Tashkent, 1982.

2. Bartold V. V. K istorii oreshcheniya Turkestana [On the history of irrigation in Turkestan].

3. Belenitsky A.M. Istoricheskaya geografiya Gerata v XV V. [Historical geography of Herat in the XV century].

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