The tradition of compiling genealogical and chronological records among the Turkic peoples dates back to ancient times and survives until the beginning of the XX century.1
There is no doubt that such records were kept at the court of the Crimean khans. Thus, the ambassadors of Mengli-Giray to the Polish King Alexander in 1506 at a dinner "recalled the ancient Gospodars and Grand Dukes from Vytautas and Daly (i.e., the khans who ruled the Crimea, starting with Tokhtamysh-I. Z.) ino Taptamysh, Gzhelindinya, Pereburdi, Kebik, Kerem, Verdi, Magmet, Aji-Kgirei, Mordovlat, Mendi-Kgirei, all the tsars were with the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and were now in faithful brotherhood, swearing to fight every enemy together" [Sbornik..., 1838, p. 27]. It is obvious that Tokhtamysh, Jalal ad-Din, Kepek (Kebek), Keremberdi, Muhammad (Ulug), Hadji Giray, Nurdevlet and Mengli Giray himself are mentioned here. This list can probably be considered the official point of view on the change of rulers in the Crimea: the Giray version of the "Tokhtamyshev Yurt"formation.

We can agree with R. A. Shaikhiev's statement that "the sources of the Tatar historical tradition contain 'private chronicles', including genealogical records of the Bulgarian-Tatar clans and clans" [Shaikhiev, 1982, p. 73], and even partially transfer this statement to the Crimean soil.

Later chronological records are presented in the works of Crimean and Volga traditionalist scholars Avraham Firkovich, Shigabutdin Marjani, Salakhetdin Sharufutdinov, Rizaetdin Fakhretdinov and others. As a rule, the data is different in different records: This applies to the number and sequence of ruling khans (the first Crimean khan Haji Giray is often absent, but his son Mengli Giray begins the chain of reigns), the dates of their accession to the throne and the duration of their reign. For example, in the case of A. Firkovich, Mengli-Giray ascends the throne in 883 AD and reigns for 35 years [Lists..., 1844, l. 3], then in 888 AD and reigns for 33 years [Lists..., 1844, l.4]. Muhammad-Giray-respectively in 915 AH (ruled for 8 years) or in 921 AH (with the same term of rule) [Lists..., 1844, l. 3, 4]; Sahib-Giray ascends the throne in 936 AH and reigns for 19 years, and Saadet-Giray ascends the throne in 946 AH and reigns for either 1 year or 15 [Lists..., 1844, l. 3-4], Devlet Giray - in 955 AD (ruled for 28 years) [Lists..., 1844, l. 3]. The discrepancy is also found in other authors 2. Thus, Salakhetdin Sharufutdinov believed that Haji Giray ascended to the throne in 841 AH, and died in 871 AH. The next khan was named not Mengli Giray, but Nurdevlet (ascended the throne in 871 AH, reigned for 2 years) [Sharafutdinov, 1906]. It would be logical to think that the reason for this is the discrepancy in the sources of the mentioned texts. However, the latter, in ___

This work was supported by the Russian State Science Foundation (project 07 - 01 - 00131a).

1 For the prehistory and development of the shedzhere genre among the Volga Tatars, see [Akhmetzyanov, 1991].

2 For example, Rizaetdin Fakhretdinov [Lists of different persons..., l.1].

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due to the fact that they were compiled in the XIX - early XX centuries, they could obviously depend on European and Russian historical works (from N. M. Karamzin and S. M. Solovyov to popular historical texts on Russian history, which mentioned the Crimean events).

In addition to these late chronological and genealogical records, there are a number of similar ones that date back to the XVII - XVIII centuries.

The earliest known record3 is found in a manuscript from the collection of the University of Leiden (Cod. Or. 1548), the main part of which is occupied by an Arabic Fiqh work of the Hanifite madhhab called Majmu' masa'il [Inventory..., 2007, p.175]4. According to the colophon, the manuscript was completed in 1104 AD (1692/1693) in the Crimea during the reign of Khan Selim-Giray [Catalog..., 2002, p. 105]. On the margins and blank pages of the manuscript, a large number of other texts (mostly in Turkish)were probably written down by the owner or owners of the manuscript

[Catalog..., 2002, pp. 105-110]. One of them (fol. 190b) has the title: (Chronicles of the Crimean Khans).

Records of reigns structurally represent a short introductory part (the actual word - "caliphate, rule"), followed by the name of the khan, the year of his accession to the throne (entered with the word "year" - ) and the number of years of rule The entire main text is framed in the margins by smaller explanatory and additional entries (often very difficult to read), mainly dates of major victories of the Ottoman weapons - the capture of significant fortresses or entire countries: begins with the record of the capture of Constantinople (- without date), followed by the dates of the conquest of Egypt (Muharram 922 AH), the capture of Revan (Yerevan -), and Baghdad. Thus, the Crimean history is introduced into the world (resp. the Ottoman Empire).

text

3 The work would not have taken place without the participation and assistance of Dr. Arnud Frolijk, Curator of the Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Rare Books at the University Library of Leiden, and Jan Just Witkam, Professor of Paleography and Codicology of the Islamic World at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Leiden.

4 For the electronic version, see: http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/inventories/inventories/leiden/or 02000. pdf

5 Written close to

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6 The last word is probably written later than the main text.

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Translation 7

Annals of the Crimean Khans

Caliphate of Haji Giray Khan son of Sultan Giyas ad-Din son of Tash-Timur Khan. 855 G. H. [03.02.1451 - 22.01.1452], ruled for 8-16 years.

Caliphate of Nurdevlet Khan, son of Giyas ad-Din. 871 G. H. [13.08.1466 - 01.08.1467], ruled for 2 years.

Caliphate of Khan Mengli-Giray son of Khan Haji-Giray. 873 G. H. [22.07.1468 - 10.07.1469], ruled for 48 years.

Caliphate of Khan Mehmed-Giray son of Khan Mengli-Giray. 921 G. H. [05.02.1515 - 04.02.1516], ruled for 8 years.

Caliphate of Khan Saadet-Giray son of Khan Mengli-Giray. 929 G. H. [20.11.1522-09.11.1523], rules Send.

Caliphate of Khan Sahib-Giray son of Khan Mengli-Giray. 939 G. H. [03.08.1532 - 22.07.1533], ruled for 18 years.

Caliphate of Khan Devlet-Giray son of Sultan Mubarek-Giray son of Khan Mengli-Giray. 957 G. H. [20.01.1550-08.01.1551], ruled for 28 years.

Caliphate of Khan Mehmed-Giray son of Khan Devlet-Giray. 985 G. H. [21.03.1577 - 09.03.1578], ruled for 7 years.

Caliphate of Khan Islam-Giray son of Khan Devlet-Giray. 992 G. H. [14.01.1584 - 02.01.1585], ruled for 4 years.

Caliphate of Khan Ghazi-Giray son of Khan Devlet-Giray. 996 G. H. [02.12.1587 - 19.11.1588], ruled for 21 years.

Caliphate of Khan Selyamet-Giray son of Khan Devlet-Giray. 1018 G. H. [06.04.1609 - 25.03.1610], ruled for 2 years.

Caliphate of Khan Janibek Giray son of Sultan Mubarek Giray. 1019 year [26.03.1610-05.03.1611], ruled for 13 years.

The caliphate of Khan Mehmed-Giray "Tolstoy". 1032 AD [05.11.1622-24.10.1623], ruled for 4 years.

Caliphate of Khan Janibek Giray son of Sultan Mubarek Giray. 1036 AD [22.09.1626-11.09.1627], ruled for 8 years.

Caliphate of Khan Inayet Giray. 1044 AD [27.06.1634-16.06.1635], ruled for 2 years.

7 In square brackets I indicate the date according to the Christian calendar.

8 Literally: "the happiness (bliss) of his reign (lasted) 16 years."

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Caliphate of Khan Bahadir-Giray son of Khan [Selyameth] - Giray. 1046 AD [05.06.1636-25.05.1637], ruled for 4 years.

Caliphate of Khan Mehmed-Giray son of Khan Selyamet-Giray. 1051 AD [12.04.1641-31.03.1642], ruled for 3 years.

Caliphate of Khan Islam-Giray son of Khan Selyamet-Giray. 1054 AD [10.03.1644-26.02.1645], ruled for 11 years.

Caliphate of Khan Mehmed-Giray son of Khan Selyamet-Giray. 1065 AD [11.11.1654-30.10.1655], ruled for 12 years.

Caliphate of Adil Giray Khan. 1077 AD [04.07.1666-22.06.1667], ruled for 5 years.

Caliphate of Selim Giray Khan. 1082 AD [10.05.1671-28.04.1672], ruled for 7 years.

Caliphate of Khan Murad-Giray. 1089 AD [23.02.1678-11.02.1679], ruled for 5 years.

Caliphate of Haji Giray Khan. 1094 AD [31.12.1682-19.12.1683], ruled for 4 months.

Caliphate of Selim Giray Khan. 1095 AD [20.12.1683-07.12.1684], ruled for 7 years.

Caliphate of Khan Saadet Giray. 1102 AD [05.10.1690-23.09.1691], ruled for 9 months.

Caliphate of Khan Safa-Giray. 1103 AD [24.09.1691-11.09.1692], ruled for 9 months.

Caliphate of Khan al-Haj Selim-Giray. 1104 G. H. [12.09.1692-01.09.1693], ruled for 9 years.

Caliphate of Ghazi-Giray Khan. 1106 AH, on the 15th of Ramadan [29.04.1695, Friday].

Several obvious mistakes are evident: Nurdevlet is called the son of Giyas-ad-Din (in reality, he was the son of Haji Giray), and the brief reigns of Haidar, Ghazi Giray, Islam Giray, Feth Giray, and Tokhtamysh Giray are not taken into account.

Let us compare the Leiden text with similar ones, for example, with the list of the order of the Crimean khans ' reigns (the title in the postscript to the Paris manuscript "Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kipchak" by Abdallah B. Rizvan 10 (BNF Supplement Turc 874) [Bibliotheque Nationale, 1933, p. 81; Zajaczkowski, 1966; Zayonchkovsky, 1969, p. 10 - 28]. This copyist's postscript - a chronological list of the Crimean khans before Kaplan Giray (1713)-is not included in the Istanbul list of the work (it dates exactly from 1192 kh./1778), which formed the basis of the publication. Meanwhile, it was copied by a Crimean (a certain Osman al-Kyrym, scribe of the Nur-i Osmani cathedral mosque).

The Paris list is an earlier one (dated 1737), but it was copied by a Frenchman - Pierre Delaunay, who in 1729-1734. He studied Turkish in Istanbul [Bibliotheque Nationale, 1933, p. 81; Zajaczkowski, 1966, p. 17; Zayonchkovsky, 1969, p.15]. The publisher of the text, A. Zayonchkovsky, was inclined to believe that both lists were made from one more ancient protograph, probably from the 17th century.

The beginning of both lists differs significantly: in the Paris manuscript, interpolations of some other text are noticeable. The most interesting thing is that these inserts are close to the beginning of another work on the history of the Crimea - "Seven Planets in news of the Tatar tsars", compiled just in 1737. At least, Ahmed Hanif-zade writes that mevlana, i.e. Seyid Muhammad Riza, composed a history of the house of Genghis called " Seven Planets in News on the Tatar rulers " precisely in 1150/1737 [Lexicon..., 1852, p. 537, N 14535] 11. Compare the inserts at the top of the Paris list "Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kipchak" and "es-Seb us-Siyar fi akhbar-i muluk at-Tatar" (fat-

9 Below, this entry is repeated in a smaller handwriting.

10 Known under the tahallus Abdi (Babinger, 1927, p. 176). The work, composed in the era of Sultan Murad IV (1623-1640) and presented, apparently, to kaymakam Musa Pasha around 1638, has survived to this day in two manuscripts: Paris (BNF Supplement Turc 874) and Istanbul (Topkapi, Bagdad keshk In 289). See for more details: [Zajaczkowski, 1966 Zayonchkovsky, 1969, pp. 10-28].

11 However, recently N. S. Seityagyaev quite reasonably suggested a different date for the end of the compilation of the work [Seityagyaev, 2002, p. 40].

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text fragments that are present only in the Paris list are highlighted in bold)12.

Obviously, either Delaunay had some sort of "Seven Planets" list, or both (Delaunay and Reese) used the same source.

Since there is no postscript in the Istanbul manuscript, it was brought to Kaplan-Giray-1125 AD (1713), and the Paris list itself is dated 1737 (the khans changed at least 5 times during this period), we can conclude that the postscript is an independent text that has no direct relation to the " Chronicles of Desht- and Kipchak" and compiled between 1713 and 1715. (years of Kaplan-Giray's second reign).

According to the latest record, Leiden can be dated after 15 Ramadan 1106 AH, (29.04.1695, Friday), but not later than 1699, when Devlet Giray II ascended the throne, otherwise the record of his reign would have been included in the list. The most interesting thing is that Ghazi Giray, who was added (obviously later, judging by the handwriting) to the list as khan, did not rule at all.

Let's assume that both the chronological lists (Leiden and Paris) are abbreviations of one or two sources. Among the works known to us on the history of the Crimean Khanate, by the end of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII century, there was the already mentioned "Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kipchak" by Abdallah B. Rizvan, before-

12 For the Istanbul lists, see [Istanbul Kutuphaneleri, 1944, pp. 181-183 (N 99)]. List in the collection of the Esad Efendi Library (now Sulaymaniyeh Library) it was not available to me [Defter..., p. 134]. The list of the Hamidiye library is probably the earliest, although most likely the date of the list is confused with the date of the author's death (1755/1756).

13 For the St. Petersburg lists, see [Dmitrieva, 2002, p. 48].

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The pre-1638 Panegyrics to Khan Sahib-Giray [Tarih..., 1973] and Islam-Giray [Hadzy, 1971] chronologically did not go beyond the reign of these two khans. In the spring of 1667, at the feast of Adil Giray, the famous Ottoman traveler Evliya Che-lebi listened to the chronicle of a certain Tokhta Bai written in Chagatai read aloud. The reading was done according to a manuscript kept by the son of Tokhta-bay-atalyk Imram. Evliya probably wrote down what he heard: a significant part of his information is a retelling of the chronicle of Tokhta-bay 14. This Chronicle has not been preserved, but according to Evlia's retelling, it ended with the reign of Uzbek 15.

Thus, we do not know the source of the chronology, if it was a particular chronicle.16
Were the Crimean-Ottoman chronicles the source of chronological and genealogical records of the reigns of the Crimean khans, or did they themselves serve as independent works as a source for chronicles? The same question was once asked by researchers of the Ottoman calendars-takvim (calendars or weather records compiled in the XV-XVI centuries).

Their form was the simplest: the designation of the year (and not always the years went in a row), and then a brief list of the most important events that occurred in this year (usually military enterprises, deaths, births and ascendances to the throne of representatives of the ruling dynasty). The chronology of calendars was not absolute, but relative, i.e. years were not indicated by hijra, but by the number of years that elapsed from the time of a certain event to the date of the calendar. Chronological coverage of the Taqwim - the history of the prophets from Adam, the Caliph, and the main events of the Seljuk, Ottoman, and Karaman dynasties. Scientists have come to the conclusion that it was the Taqvim that later formed the basis of many Early Ottoman chronicles [Inalcik, 1962, p.157, 158; Menage, 1962, p. 170, 171; Menage, 1964, p. 15; Menage, 1976, p. 570-584; Turan, 1984].

The Ottoman chronicler Muhammad Riza (author of the aforementioned history of the Crimean Khans "Seven Planets", 1737) mentions among the sources of his work a certain ("Collection") Abd al-Veli-efendi, ("Collection of events") Masud-efendi, adviser to Prince Shahbaz-Giray, who was killed by Circassians in 1111/1699-1700 and ("Calendar")17 by the historian Heiri-zadeh [Asseb o-sseyar, 1832, p. 148, 159] 18.

F. Hartahay once remarked that "there is no reason to think that the writings of the two aforementioned historians - Abdul, the son of Mahomet, and Kheir-zadeh-Effendi - were distinguished by any special merits of content, since they, without the slightest doubt, were written in the same style." in the spirit", as well as the rest of the Crimean historical works known to him [Khartakhai, 1867, p. 160].

14 For the Russian translation, see: [Bakhrevsky, 1996, p. 186, 187; Kniga..., 1999, p. 119-124]. Evliya used many historical chronicles of his predecessors, wrote down the legends he heard (for example, the legend of the construction of an Ambergris or Musk Mosque in Solkhat (Old Crimea) is a variant of the legend given later in The Seven Planets by Muhammad Riza). See for more details: [Grigoriev, 1974, p. 19-28, especially p. 23-25], where Evliya's information from historical works is indicated.

15 Evliya, who had been to the peninsula many times, generally conveyed what he saw and heard very accurately, recording details and circumstances. A special article is devoted to the reliability of Evliya Celebi's information about the Crimea (in particular, the accuracy of transmitting epigraphic material to them) [Grigoriev and Frolova, 1968].

16 For more information about the Crimean historical tradition, see [Zaitsev, 2005, p. 48-85].

17 Or, as translated by V. D. Smirnov, "Report Card".

18 See also: [Smirnov, 1887, p. XII].

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Comparing the sequence of khans and the years of their rule in the Leiden chronology and in the Paris postscript to Abdullah B. Rizvan, one can see many similarities. However, there are serious differences: Abdullah's text begins immediately with Mengli Giray (there is no Haji Giray or Nurdevlet).

"Tavarikh", Paris and Leiden lists do not know the reigns of Haidar, nor the leapfrog of successive khans in the 1470s, nor the short reigns of the Ghazi brothers I b. Muhammad-Giray (spring-June 1523) and Islam-Giray I b. Muhammad-Giray (May-September 1532). In the "Seven Planets" this information is available, so the sources of this text are different.

Thus, we can conclude that the Paris and Leiden chronologies of the Crimean Khans are independent sources. To date, it can be argued that they are not abbreviations of any known Crimean chronicles. They are similar in genre to the Ottoman Takvim and probably represent their Crimean variety. However, these sources are most likely not the Taqwim that Muhammad Riza mentions as his source, because the data that is not included in the lists are found in the text of the Riza. The origin of these lists, in the absence of other sources, is now anyone's guess.

list of literature

Asseb o-sseyyar, or the Seven Planets, containing the history of the Crimean Khans from Mengli-Giray Khan 1st to Mengli-Giray Khan 2nd, i.e. from 87111466 to 1150/1737. Kazan, 1832 (Arabic font).

To M. I. Tatar secure (research Tatar secure in source and linguistic aspects by the lists of the XIX - XX centuries). Kazan, 1991.

Bakhrevsky E. V. Cemetery in Eski-Yurt. Issue V. 1996.

Grigoriev A. P. "The Book of Travel" by Evliya Celebi - a source on the history of the Crimea of the XIII-XVII centuries. / / Historiography and source studies of the history of Asian and African countries. Issue III. L., 1974.

Grigoriev A. P., Frolova O. B. O ploschadnosti kul'turno-istoricheskikh detaley v "Kniga pozdestviya" Evliya Celebi [On the reliability of cultural and historical details in the "Travel Book" of Evliya Celebi]. Vestnik LSU, 1968, Issue 2. Istoriya, yazyk, literatura. Issue 1.

Defter-i kitabhane-yi Esad-efendi Istanbul, [b. g.] (Arabic, font).

Dmitrieva L. V. Catalog of Turkic Manuscripts of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 2002.
Zayonchkovsky A. "Chronicle of the Kipchak steppe" ("Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kipchak") as a source on the history of Crimea // Vostochnye istochniki po istorii narodov Yugo-Vostochnoy i Tsentralnoi Evropy [Eastern Sources on the History of the peoples of South-Eastern and Central Europe].
Zaitsev I. V. Ad Fontes: Crimean historiography of the Middle Ages and Modern Times // Turkological collection 2003-2004: Turkic peoples in antiquity and the Middle Ages, Moscow, 2005.
IVR 1-OR IVR RAS, ruk. D 216.

IVR 2-OR IVR RAS, ruk. B 756.

Travel book. Turkish author Evliya Celebi on the Crimea (1666-1667). Translated and commented by E. V. Bakhrevsky. Simferopol, 1999.

Collection of Obolensky, Moscow, 1838.
Seytyagyaev N. S. Proiskhozhdenie Seyida Mukhammeda Riza (k voprosu o mesto ego "Sevem planetov" sredi sozdov krymskoy istoricheskoy prozy XVIII veka) [The origin of Seyid Muhammad Riza (on the question of the place of his "Seven Planets" among the works of the Crimean historical prose of the XVIII century)]. Simferopol, 2002. N 44.

Smirnov V. D. Crimean Khanate under the rule of the Ottoman Porte until the beginning of the XVIII century. St. Petersburg, 1887.

Lists of Crimean Khans (not earlier than 1844) / / RNB, f. 946 (A. S. Firkovich), op. 1 (Personal archive), 354.

Lists of various individuals and their pedigrees (Crimean and Kazan khans. AB SPbF IV RAS, f. 131 (Rizaetdin Fakhretdinov), op. 1, ed. chr. 8.

Suleymaniye 1-manuscript of the Suleymaniye Library (Resid Efendi Ktb.), N 664.

Süleymaniye 2-manuscript of the Süleymaniye Library (Ragib Pasa Ktb.), N. 1016.

Hamidiye-manuscript of the Hamidiye Library (Murad Molla Ktb.), N 950.

Khartakhai F. Historical fate of the Crimean Tatars (article two) / / Vestnik Evropy. Pg., 1867, June, vol. II.

Shaikhiev R. A. Moslem clergy and its role in the formation of Tatar historical literature. 1982. Year six. Abstracts of reports and messages Moscow, 1982.

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[Sharafutdinov S.]. Shedzhere al-Chingiziyya. Kazan, 1906 (Arabic font, without page numbering).

Babinger Fr. Die Geschichtsschreiber der Osmanen und ihre Werke. Leipzig., 1927.

Bibliotheque Nationale. Catalogue des Manuscrits Turcs par E. Blochet. Vol. II. Supplement. P., 1933.

Catalogue of the Turkish Manuscripts in the Library of Leiden University and other Collections in the Netherlands. Vol. II. Comprising the acquisitions of Turkish manuscripts in Leiden University Library between 1800 and 1970. Compiled by Schmidt J. Leiden, 2002.

Hadzy Mehmed Senai z Krymu. Historia Chana Islam Gereja III. Tekst turecki wydall, przelozyl i opracowal Z. Abrahamowicz. Warszawa, 1971.

Inalcik H. The Rise of Ottoman Historiography // Historians of the Middle East. Oxford, 1962.

Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts of the Library of the University of Leiden. Vol. 2. Manuscripts Or. 1001 - 2000 registered in Leiden University Library in the Period between 1665 and 1871. Compiled by Jan Just Witkam. Leiden, 2007.

Istanbul Kütüphaneleri Tarih-Cografya Yazmalan Kataloglan. I. Türkce Tarih Yazmalari. 2. Fasikül (Türk Tarihine Ait Eserler). Istanbul, 1944.

Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopadicum a Mustafa ben Abdallah Katib Jelebi dicto et nomibe Haji Khalfa compositum. Ad codicum vindobonensium parisiensium et berolinensis fidem primum edidit latine vertit et commen-tario indicibusque instruxit Gustavus Fluegel. Tomus sectus. L., M.DCCC.LII.

Menage V. L. The Beginning of Ottoman Historiography // Historians of the Middle East. Oxford, 1962.

Menage V. L. Neshri's History of the Ottomans. The Sources and Development of the Text. L., 1964.

Menage V. L. The "Annals of Murad II" // BSOAS. 1976, vol. XXXIX, pt. 3, pp. 570-584.

Tarih-i Sahib Giray Han. (Nesr. Ö. Gökbilgin). Ankara, 1973.

Turan O. Istanbul'un Fethinden Önce Yazilmij Tarihî Takvimler: 2. Baski. Ankara, 1984.

Zajaczkowski A. La Chronique des Steppes Kiptchak Tevarih-i Dest-i Qipcaq du XVIIe siècle. Warszawa, 1966.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AV SPbF IV RAS-Archive of Orientalists of SPbF IV RAS

LSU-Leningrad State University

MAIET - Materials on the archeology, history, and ethnography of Tavria. Simferopol

OR IVR RAS-Department of Manuscripts of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Saint-Petersburg

RNB - Russian National Library. Saint-Petersburg

BNF - Bibliothèque Nationale de France. P.

BSOAS - Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

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