The article is devoted to the study of the history of migrations of the Crimean Tatars in the XIX-early XX centuries on the basis of documents of the Russian State Historical Archive. The aim of the work is to identify and introduce into scientific circulation documentary primary sources on the research topic. For the first time, the analysis of a significant number of documents from the Russian State Historical Archive reveals little-known events of the migration movement among the Crimean Tatars. Analysis of the preserved archival materials allows us to study the causes and consequences of mass emigration of Crimean Tatars, as well as their return to Crimea. The article deals with the practically unexplored problem of returning to Crimea emigrants and their descendants who intended to return to the Russian Empire in 1880-1884. The above statistical data on the number of Crimean Tatars who emigrated are also important. The author dwells in detail on the consideration of documents from the personal collections of the archive, reflecting the information of eyewitnesses of historical events.

Keywords: Crimea, Crimean Tatars, sources, emigration, archival materials, resettlement, documents.

CRIMEAN TATAR MIGRATIONS IN THE NINETEENTH - EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY IN THE DOCUMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE HISTORICAL ARCHIVE

Reshat ALIYEV

The article is devoted to the history of Crimean Tatar migrations in the nineteenth - early twentieth centuries based on the documents of the Russian State Historical Archive. The author explores archive documents on the history of the Crimea in the eighteenth - early twentieth centuries, including data on the history of migrations of the local population in this period. The exploration of archival materials allows researching the causes and consequences of mass Crimean Tatars emigration as well as their return movement to the Crimea. The article concerns an almost unexplored problem of the back migration to the Crimea of the immigrants and their descendants who intended to return to the Russian Empire in 1880-1884. The author also describes the documents from the personal archival funds that contain the information of eyewitnesses of historical events.

Keywords: Crimea, Crimean Tatars, sources, emigration, archival materials, resettlement, documents.

The migration movement in the Russian Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries covered wide social strata and took place in different regions of the state: in the North Caucasus, the Crimea, the Volga region, and other regions. Migration processes in Crimea-

ALIEV Reshat Dlyaverovich-Deputy Director of the Museum of History and Culture of the Crimean Tatars of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Bakhchisarai Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Museum-Reserve", post-graduate student of the V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, psychodrom@mail.ru, reshat-axa@rambler.ru.

Reshat ALIYEV - Deputy Director of the Museum of history and culture of Crimean Tatars SBI RC "Bakhchisaray historical, cultural and archaeological museum-preserve"; PhD Applicant, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University.

The publication was prepared within the framework of the RGNF project No. 15-31-10145.

page 105
In the late 18th and early 20th centuries, the demographic and socio - cultural changes in most of the Northern Black Sea region were significantly influenced by the Tatar population. The mass migration of Crimean Tatars from the Russian Empire to the territory of the Ottoman possessions, as well as partial re-emigration, had both their causes and consequences. One of the most massive migrations occurred in the early 1860s. Only according to official data, 181,177 Crimean Tatars emigrated from the Tauride province during these years (Khanatsky, 1867). The scale of this phenomenon has affected the improvement of the entire Crimean Peninsula. As a result of emigration, the settlements of the Tauride Province (especially in the central and northern regions) were partially or completely devastated, and the ethnic appearance of the region changed. One of the consequences of the mass resettlement of Crimean Tatars was also re-emigration, i.e. the return of emigrants to Russia, to their former places of residence. Migration processes did not stop in the following decades, reaching new generations of Crimean Muslims. During this period, several waves of mass emigration of Crimean Tatars from the Russian Empire were recorded. However, the process of re-emigration practically did not stop, and every year the lists of Crimean Tatars who returned to their homeland as subjects of the Russian Empire were replenished.

When studying the Crimean Tatar migrations, an important place is occupied by identifying and introducing archival documents into scientific circulation. Archival primary sources make it possible to reconstruct historical events in the most comprehensive and objective way. The specific nature of mass migrations determines the geographical dispersion of preserved documentary evidence. Archival materials covering the issue of Crimean Tatar migrations in the 19th and early 20th centuries are mainly kept in the archives of Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine.

One of the main sources on the history of migrations of the Crimean Tatars in the XIX - early XX centuries are the documents of the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). It has preserved a rich set of documents on the history of the Crimea of the XVIII-early XX centuries, including the history of local population migrations. At one time, in the context of studying the issue of Crimean Tatar emigration in the last third of the XIX - early XX centuries, D. Yu. Zolotarev introduced a number of RGIA documents into scientific circulation [Zolotaryov, 2000]. In addition, a significant number of archival sources remain unpublished and virtually unexplored. Of the latter, more than 80 archival cases have been identified in the RGIA at the moment, shedding light on the history of migrations of the Crimean Tatars. These documents are mainly concentrated in the following funds: Fund 1286 (the Executive Police Department), Fund 1276 (the Council of Ministers), Fund 383 (the First Department of the Ministry of State Property), Fund 1282 (the Chancellery of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), Fund 1291 (the Zemstvo Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), Fund 651 (the Vasilchikovs), Fund 383 (the First department of the Ministry of State Property), Fund 381 (Office of the Minister of Agriculture), Fund 1263 (Committee of Ministers), Fund 1292 (Department for Military Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs) , etc.

Some of the earliest documents of the RGIA covering the history of the Crimean Tatar migrations date back to 1793 and contain information about the partial return of emigrants from Turkey [RGIA, f. 1146, op. 1, d. 15, l. 117-119]. Among the earliest archival materials, a note by Admiral N. S. Mordvinov in 1802 is of interest, in which he reveals his vision of the issue of land management in the Crimea, including in the context of mass emigration of the Crimean Tatars [RGIA, f. 899, op. 1, d. 1030, l. 2-3]. Documents from this period are also kept in Fund 383 (First Department of the Ministry of State Property). One of the foundation's files contains information about the desire of Crimean residents to leave for Turkey in 1804 and about the non-obstruction of them by the local government [RGIA, f. 383, op. 29, d. 233, l. 1-2]. In July 1804, the Tauride civil governor D. B. Mertvago was granted a grant of the following rights:-

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It is provided that the property of displaced persons who have not returned to Russia after a year of stay abroad will be transferred to the treasury department [RGIA, f. 383, op. 29, d. 233, l. 20]. In the file there is a list compiled by D. B. Mertago and containing valuable statistical information about the number of Crimean Tatars who emigrated and are awaiting resettlement [RGIA, f. 383, op. 29, d. 233, l. 47]:

Table 1

Counties

Number of issues issued

Number of applicants

m

zh

m

zh

Simferopol

170

162

130

81

Feodosian

22

12

514

380

Yevpatoria

123

151

301

223

Perekopsky

11

12

470

366

Dnipro City

3

3

2262

1882

Melitopol

-

-

33

16

Total

329

340

3710

2948

Partial emigration of Crimean Tatars to Turkey continued in the following decades [RGIA, f. 1286, op. 2, d. 102, l. 1-8]. According to the documents, applications for resettlement were received not only from the residents of the Tauride province themselves, but also from their relatives who lived abroad [RGIA, f. 1282, op. 2, d.49, l. 1].

Of particular interest are the letters of the famous botanist and gardener, founder and director of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden H. H. Steven to the state and public figure A. M. Fadeev. The letters are preserved in the fund 1100 (Fadeyevs). In his correspondence for 1860-1861, H. H. Steven repeatedly covered the mass migrations of the Crimean Tatars, which he witnessed. In a letter dated March 3, 1860, the botanist reported on the mass emigration to Turkey of Crimean Tatars from Perekop and Feodosia counties and the subsequent lack of labor [RGIA, f. 1100, op. 1, d. 22, l. 6]. Five months later, in a letter dated August 3, 1860, H. H. Steven described in some detail the situation in the Crimea in connection with the resettlement of the Crimean Tatars [RGIA, f. 1100, op. 1, 22, pp. 7-8]. He wrote that mass emigrations negatively affect the state of the entire region. According to the author of the letter, by August 1860, half of the Crimean Tatars living on the peninsula had emigrated, and all of the Tatar population of the mainland part of the province had moved. Noting that entire villages were being emptied due to emigration, H. H. Steven pointed out the indifference of the local government to this problem. The author considered the reason for the mass eviction of Crimean Tatars to be a call for emigration from numerous pilgrims who returned from the Hajj. On September 21, 1860, Christian Khristianovich reported on the newly renewed migration movement of the Crimean Tatars, including from the southern coast of the Crimea [RGIA, f. 1100, op. 1, d. 22, l. 9]. In a letter dated January 24, 1861, H. H. Steven, describing the state of affairs in the Crimea, reported that emigration continued as long as navigation was possible [RGIA, f. 1100, op. 1, d. 22, l. 11]. According to him, many of the Crimean Tatars at the beginning of 1861 were waiting for spring to move to Turkey, despite the bad news from their emigrated compatriots.

The 651 (Vasilchikovs) Foundation deserves special attention. It reveals 16 archival files containing valuable information about the mass emigration of Crimean Tatars in the early 1860s. All these materials are related to the activities of Lieutenant-General V. I. Vasilchikov, former chairman of the investigative commission on quartermaster abuses in the Crimean army and manager of the Military Ministry. It was Viktor Illarionovich who was sent to the Tauride province after the mass emigration of the Crimean Tatars in 1860.-

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complete eviction of the local Muslim population. In this regard, a small set of documents has been preserved that reveal the peculiarities of migration movement in the Crimea. These archival materials of the foundation are of scientific interest and value, and some of them deserve special attention.

In one of the files of the 651 foundation, there is a document containing valuable statistical data on the results of mass emigration in 1860 - "a statement on the number of Tatars and Nogais of the Tauride province who left for Turkey, received passports for this subject and remained without receiving them" [RGIA, f. 651, op. 1, d. 473, L. 1]. Vedomosti represents quantitative statistics on the counties of the Tauride province as of January 1, 1861.:

Table 2

By county

By January 1, 1861, he is on salary

We got our passports and left

They got their passports and are staying for the winter

We haven't received any passports yet

m

zh

m

zh

m

zh

m

zh

1. Simferopol

23196

18434

12041

9429

2839

2365

8306

6640

2. To Yalta

12660

10983

1345

1045

795

644

10530

9294

3. Evpatoria

11081

8327

2647

2081

1562

1171

6872

5075

4. To Feodosia

26507

21547

13448

10820

3331

2695

9728

8032

5. Perekopsky

25306

20188

19765

15810

1958

1615

3583

2763

6. Dnipro city

6935

5547

6793

5450

84

65

58

32

7. Melitopolsky

3172

2501

3108

2454

25

17

39

30

8. Berdyansk

17165

14078

17147

14070

7

3

11

5

Total

126022

101605

76294

61159

10601

8575

39127

31871

Among the revealed documents, the secret order of the Novorossiysk Governor-General A. G. Stroganov, sent to the Tavrichesky Governor G. V. Zhukovsky in February 1860 on the eve of mass emigration, is of interest. The document noted that both the Governor-General and the Minister of State Property considered not to hinder the resettlement of Nogai Tatars to Turkey. This was justified by the belief in the subsequent return of emigrants to their homeland (RGIA, f. 651, op. 1, d. 469, l. 1). At the same time, the mass resettlement did not go unnoticed by ordinary residents of other regions of the state. Thus, the Muslim community of the Minsk province, concerned about newspaper news about emigration, in June 1860 sent a report to the Tauride Mohammedan Spiritual Board with a request to explain the reasons for the migration movement in the Crimea [RGIA, f. 651, op. 1, d.470, l. 1].

In order to fulfill the assigned task, V. I. Vasilchikov collected information about the reasons for the eviction of Crimean Tatars to Turkey. In a note addressed to him on February 24, 1861, the Perekop district leader of the nobility, H. Lamzhi, cited a number of reasons that caused emigration. At the same time, he noted that one reason could not have caused such a mass movement, all of them together became the basis for resettlement [RGIA, f. 651, op. 1, d.471, l. 1-5].

Among the archive files of the RGIA, there is also information about emigration in the 1870s. It is noteworthy that at this time the emigration movement was observed not only among the Crimean Tatar population of the Tauride province. In October 1873, the Novorossiysk and Bessarabian Governor-General P. E. Kotzebue noted that among the Bulgarians and Crimean Tatars of the province, there was a desire to emigrate abroad in connection with the preparation of military training.

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to universal military service in 1874 and the formation of local conscription sites [RGIA, f. 1292, op. 2, d. 654, l. 1]. In order to prevent emigration among local youth, representatives of the Crimean Tatar nobility were sent to the villages of the central and northern counties to explain the law on conscription. In 1874, due to the beginning of the resettlement of young Crimean Tatars to Turkey, the Russian government sent Prince S. M. Vorontsov to the Crimea to investigate the reasons for the eviction of Tatars [RGIA, f. 1292, op. 2, d. 654, l. 21].

In addition to sources on external migration, the RGIA funds keep documents on the eviction of Crimean Tatars to the inner Russian provinces due to political circumstances during the Crimean War. In particular, the materials of the 651 foundation considered the need to return to Crimea incorrectly expelled Crimean residents whose guilt was not justified [RGIA, f. 651, op. 1, d. 471, l. 1-20]. Information about Crimean Tatars exiled to the inner provinces during the war is also contained in Fund 571 (Department of Miscellaneous Taxes and Fees of the Ministry of Finance) [RGIA, f. 571, op. 3, d. 134, l. 1-25].

In a separate group, we can distinguish the documents of the Russian State Agricultural Academy covering the problem of land management in the Tavrichesky province in connection with the mass emigration of Crimean Tatars in the XIX-early XX centuries. These archival materials provide statistical information on the amount of land sold by Crimean Tatars before emigrating to Turkey, information on sellers and buyers [RGIA, f. 651, op. 1, d. 472, l. 1-2]. Special attention of the government was paid to a significant amount of land left unattended after the resettlement of the Crimean Tatars [RGIA, f. 1341, op. 103, d. 746, l. 1-3]. Most of these lands, including waqfs [RGIA, f. 384, op. 12, d.877, l. 1-3], were subject to transfer to the treasury.

In addition to documentary sources on the history of emigration of the Crimean Tatars, the RGIA contains a set of archival files covering the return migration movement from the Ottoman possessions to the Russian Empire. Many of these documents reveal little-known features of the re-emigration of Crimean Tatars in the 19th and early 20th centuries. As mentioned above, the earliest of these sources date back to 1793. Later documents of the Russian State Institute of International Relations on the history of the return of emigrants to the Crimea date back to the second half of the XIX century. In particular, in 1860, a note by Adjutant-General E. I. Totleben on the resettlement of the Crimean Tatars was submitted to the Committee of Ministers for consideration [RGIA, f. 1263, op. 1, d. 2848, l. 532]. At the meeting of the Committee, the issue of allowing emigrants to return to Crimea was raised. The Committee of Ministers considered that a negative consequence of re-emigration could be the return to the Crimea of the ruined and penniless part of the displaced persons [RGIA, f. 1263, op. 1, d. 2848, l. 536-537]. In 1864, the government decided that for Crimean Tatars returning from Turkey, it is allowed to simplify compliance with the five-year residence period established for foreigners to obtain Russian citizenship [RGIA, f. 1261, op. 2, d. 134, l. 1-4].

Special attention is drawn to the archival document in the fund 1291 (Zemsky Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs) [RGIA, f. 1291, op. 66, d. 77, l. 1-219], which reveals little-known information about the re-emigration of Crimean Tatars in the early 1880s. According to the Russian Consulate in Dobrudja, Crimean Tatars who emigrated to this region in the early 1860s intended to return to Crimea in 1880 [RGIA, f. 1291, op. 66, d.77, l. 50]. The Russian Government's consideration of allowing displaced persons to return to their homeland lasted almost two years. In 1882, emigrants filed a petition addressed to the Russian Emperor Alexander III with a request to allow 70 thousand Crimean Tatars of Dobrudja to return to the Russian Empire. The emperor reacted favorably to the request and made a note with his own hand: "in my opinion, this would be desirable" [RGIA, f. 1291, op. 66, d. 77, l. 1]. Despite this, the request for return was not granted due to the lack of a sufficient amount of free state-owned land, according to the report of the Minister of State Property M. N. Ostrovsky.

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Without receiving permission from the Russian government, many Tatars of Romania and Bulgaria began to emigrate to Turkey, and those who remained in Dobrudja applied for resettlement in 1884 to the city of Reni, which was part of the Bessarabian province.

In 1902, in connection with another wave of emigration to the Crimea, the government allowed all interested Crimean Tatars to leave the peninsula without hindrance, with the condition that they were forbidden to return. Applicants for relocation to Turkey were issued with established foreign passports. In order to prevent re-emigration, a ticket was torn off in these passports and a postmark was made that the persons indicated in the document were prohibited from returning to the Russian Empire [RGIA, f. 1276, op. 6, d. 17, l. 1]. The unhindered issuance of passports for resettlement to Turkey was suspended in 1907 in order to prevent the Crimean conscripts from seeking military service. young people should emigrate for the purpose of evading military service. At the same time, the desire of emigrants to return to their homeland began to manifest itself. In 1910, the Ministry of Internal Affairs reported that in a few years, about 300 families belonging to the most affluent immigrants returned from Turkey [RGIA, f. 1276, op. 6, d.17, l. 3]. In subsequent years, there were also cases of re-emigration, and the Council of Ministers repeatedly received requests from Crimean Tatars to return their Russian citizenship [RGIA, f. 1276, op. 17, d. 260, l. 67].

Thus, the complex of these documents of the Russian State Historical Archive is an informative and unique array of primary sources. The study of these archival materials and their introduction into scientific circulation is undoubtedly necessary for studying the history of migration processes of the Crimean Tatars in the XIX-early XX centuries.

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