The article provides an overview of some aspects of everyday life during the Crimean Khanate period. Much attention is paid to new facts revealed during the study of written sources of the XVII-XVIII centuries. The article deals with libraries, medicine, social life, and handicrafts.

Keywords: Crimean Khanate, everyday life, cities, medicine, libraries.

SOME ASPECTS OF DAILY LIFE OF THE CRIMEAN KHANATE CITIES

Elmira ABIBULLAEVA

The article reveals some aspects of the daily life within the period of the Crimean Khanate. Studies of everyday life help to identify not only the objective sphere of human existence, but the scope of its subjectivity as well. There is the illustration of how the way of everyday life is determined by human actions that affect the course of history. The paper gives a study of libraries, medicine, social life, and handicraft business in the Crimean Khanate.

Keywords: Crimean Khanate, daily life, cities, medicine, libraries.

With the formation of an independent Crimean Khanate with the Girei dynasty by 1443, new cities began to appear on the throne: Bakhchisarai, Karasubazar, Ak-Mesjit, Kezlev, etc.

The administrative division of the Crimean Khanate was as follows. The Bakhchisarai kaimakanstvo included 6 kadyliks: Bakhchisarai, Mangup, Karakurt, Salgir, Mufti Arpalyk, Kachi Besh Peres. Akmechet kaimakanstvo - 9: Akmechet, Yukary-Ichkiy, Ashaga-Ichkiy, Dair, Zuinsky, Tashlysheykhelin Beshparesy, Tashlyn, Choyunchinsky Beshparesy, Salgir. Karasubazar kaimakanstvo - 9: Karasubazar, Deepchongar, Nasypsky, Argynsky, Burulchansky, Bochalatsky, Orta Chongarsky, Kuchuk karasuv, Tamaksky. Kezlev kaimakanstvo - 5: Kezlev, Boynak, Tarkhan, Mangit, Sheikhel. Kefinsky kaymakanstvo - 7: Kefinsky, Sudaksky, Shirinsky, Tepe Kerchensky, Orta Kerchensky, Staro-Krymsky, Arabatsky. Perekop kaimakanstvo - 6: Perekopsky, Kyrk Baul, Karaul, Sakal, Samarchik, Chetyrly. In total, there are 42 kadyliks in six kaimakanstv, including 7 kadyliks of the Kefin kaimakanstv [Kameral description of the Crimea, 1888, pp. 36-39]. Kadyliks were divided into "shehir" (city)," kariye "(village)," nahiye " (village).

In turn, all cities, villages and hamlets consisted of mahallas (quarters) - the smallest administrative division of the city. In fact, each mahalla was a microdistrict and had a certain complex of public institutions (a mosque, mekteb (school), madrasah, hamam, etc.), which formed an integral feature of the appearance of a residential quarter of a medieval city, in which water usually flows.

ABIBULLAYEVA Elmira Ebazerovna-Head of the Ismail Memorial Museum of the Gasprinsky State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Crimea "Bakhchisarai Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Museum-Reserve", shems-annur@mail.ru.

Elmira ABIBULLAEVA - Director of the Ismail Gasprinsky Memorial Muzeum of the Crimean Republican Institution "Bakhchisaray Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Muzeum-Reserve", Bakhchisaray, Crimea, Russian Federation; shems-annur@mail.ru.

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everyday life of citizens. The connection between the mahalla and the center of the settlement was carried out by a network of countless narrow winding streets and alleys. There were no obvious boundaries between the blocks, but almost every one of them had a mosque (Abibullayeva, 2015, p. 167).

Extant documents and sources from the Crimean Khanate period indicate that the population had a high interest in reading. Certain strata (scholars, Muderis, qadis, mullahs) used libraries, and some had their own personal libraries. The largest collection of books was concentrated in the Palace Library. Halim Giray mentions the countless number of books in the library of Saadet Giray 1, who ruled in 1524-1532, noting the volume of the book "Hamse" by Alisher Navoi with the personal seal of Saadet Giray [Halim Giray, 2004, p.27]. Omer Byyik, who studied the judicial registers of the Crimean Khanate, in his work quotes the decree of Selim-Giray I on the registration of books stored in the Khan's library in 1692 [Biyik, 2007, p. 123].

Among the possessions of muderis and Mullah Seyid Abdunnafi, who lived in the Jami Kebir quarter of the city of Bakhchisaray, books from his personal library are indicated: Isagechi, Serb-i Izzi, Lugat - i terjuman, Lugat-i jevberi, Tefsir - i qadi, Tevarih, Shafie fi s-Sarf, Kaside-i Byurde, Risaletun fil, Mantyk, etc. (82 books in total) [Gunes, 2006, p. 96]. Probably, these books were used by Muderis in his professional activities.

Each higher educational center (madrassah) had libraries, as indicated by the manuscript books from the Zynjirli madrassah (built by Mengli Giray in 1500), one of the most prestigious educational centers of the Crimean Khanate, kept in the collections of the Bakhchisarai Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Reserve Museum and the Russian National Library.

Considering everyday life in the cities of the Crimean Khanate, one cannot ignore medicine, as people at all times have been looking for ways to treat and get rid of ailments. After studying materials from extant written sources, you can imagine medicine and its role in the life of cities in the state.

Evliya Celebi has the most references to medical scientists. For example, when describing the capital of the Crimean Khanate, a traveler wrote the following: "This ancient city is a source of scientists and a gathering of the wise, a place of residence of poets, so there are many medical scientists there. Skilled doctors and bloodletting surgeons are very great masters in the science of pulse, like Galen" [Evlia Celebi, 2008, p. 111].

The traveler also mentions bloodletting surgeons in the description of the city of Kefa (Feodosia): "This ancient city is a collection of scientists and a source of knowledge, and since the climate here is amazing, scientists are also engaged in amazing sciences and have a lot of knowledge. Skilful sages-bloodletting surgeons-have no equal" [Evliya Celebi, 2008, p. 190].

In these quotes, we are talking about hijam or khajamat in Arabic - bloodletting. Probably, this method of treatment was popular among the population of the Crimean Khanate, as it is a very simple and effective way to get rid of many diseases by removing dirty blood from the body.

Further, Evliya Celebi lists the names of famous Khan's surgeons living in Bakhchisarai: Dede Masum, slave Tarkan, Alp akay. Describing Gozlev (Yevpatoria), the traveler writes that patients are rare in this country, but since it is a large city, there are wise scientists-doctors-Alisha Mirza and Dudus Ata. He praises master surgeons of Hungarian blood who live in the city of Gozlev [Evliya Celebi, 2008, p.57].

Regarding special institutions for the sick, the author writes the following: "... all the sick and weak are under the care of their own families. The Tatar people, fearing a pestilence, avoid [hospitals]. Near the mosque of Sahib Giray Khan [in Bakhchisaray] there is a hospital with a couple of rooms, where they take care of the sick" [Evliya

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Celebi, 2008, p. 113]. From the descriptions of Evlii Celebi, it follows that in most cities of the Crimean Khanate there were doctors specializing in certain areas of medicine.

New information about medicine was found out in the course of analyzing and studying the etymology of the names of notable people of that time. In the defter for 1635 (in this context - a list), compiled during the reign of Khan Inayet-Giray, a certain Maalish Celebi is mentioned [Velyaminov-Zernov, 1864, p. 143]. Further, in two defters for 1637/1638, during the reign of Bahadir-Giray I, Maalish Agya is mentioned among those close to the court [Velyaminov-Zernov, 1864, p. 168, 210]. In all three documents, this person is listed under the title "Zerdev bashlyk ton tiyish verilekelen kullarymyzdyr" or "Zerdev jiyan" (zerdev translates as "marten"; tiyish - "honored"). It is known that the fur of this fur-bearing animal has long been highly valued and presented as a gift only to a narrow circle of respected individuals for their merits and personal qualities. In this case, we are talking about an expensive robe with marten fur. Maalish Agya was presented with the following gifts: one robe (syrt ton), a frock coat (qaryn ton), two long shirts (iki takhte syrt), two short shirts (takhte qaryn), one fox burka (tilki burk) [Velyaminov-Zernov, 1864, p. 143, 168, 209-210]. The name of this person is also mentioned in the Judicial Register for 1701 in the name of the Maalish Agya Mahallesi quarter (Maalish Agya quarter) with the Maalish Agya Jamisi mosque of the same name (Maalish Agya Mosque) [Biyik, 2007, p. 121].

A detailed analysis of the etymology of the name "Maalish" revealed the following: in Arabic, there is a word "mualij -" - this is a healer (doctor), derived from the word "laj" - medicine. When pronounced, the letter "j -" at the end of the word is pronounced as " sh -", i.e. "maalish". It is possible that in the documents of 1635, 1637/1638 and 1701 the word "Mualij" is written as it is pronounced, namely "maalish".

Therefore, we can assume that we are talking about a healer, whose profession name eventually replaced his real name. Maalish Agya was probably a healer of the Khan's family and the court nobility of the Crimean Khanate. According to the surviving documents, it is difficult to determine under which rulers, in addition to Inay-Giray and Bahadir-Giray I, Maalish Agya lived and practiced healing. The fact remains that this healer built a mosque, most likely in the quarter where he lived. Later, the entire quarter became known as Maalish Agya. From the former buildings of the Maalish Agya quarter, only a few tombstones of the quarter cemetery have survived to this day, which can now be seen in front of the I. Gasprinsky Museum in Bakhchisarai 1 (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Tomb of Sufi Sharafu-d-din in the Maalish Ag'a quarter cemetery.

1 The most complete tombstone of the Sufi Sharafu-d-din, who was born around 1713 and died in 1741. The partially preserved inscription reads:: "Yashy 28 edi - He was 28 years old "[Timchenko, 2006].

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Foreigners were also engaged in medical work in the Crimean Khanate: the Frenchman Ferrand was the life physician of Gazi-Giray III in 1706; the Greek Syrupolo treated the Khan of Crimea-Giray [Bakhrushin, 1999, p. 335; Osterman, 1909, p. 83-85].

Haji Selim-Giray's sister, Ulu Hani, was treated by a local Jew who cured her of a deadly disease. For this, the princess released the Jews living on the territory of the fortress (Chufut Kale) from certain duties, in particular the poll tax [Paysonel, 2009, p. 48].

Therapeutic mud located in the village of Sakh or Saki (now Saki), were known in the period of the Crimean Khanate. Healers were well versed in the art of mud treatment: they dug a deep hole, put the patient in it, and buried him in the mud in such a way that he could only move his head freely, but his body was completely buried. After lying in this position for an hour and a half, the patient moved to another pit, located not far away and full of warm water, where he washed [Buryanov, 1837, p. 337]. After this procedure, the patient got rid of pain in the joints and muscles.

The city of Crimea (Solkhat) was famous for its thermal springs. According to D'Ascoli in 1634 in his "Description of the Black Sea and Tartary": "In the vicinity of this city grow fragrant flowers and medicinal herbs. Every year, from spring to July, there is a large congress from all parts of Tartary to use hot water baths with flowers and herbs that heal people from many ailments" [D'Ascoli, 1634, pp. 106-107].

The picture of people's relationships in everyday life has hardly changed since then: people got married and divorced, borrowed money, then returned it, and sold their homes, like Sheikh Ali Efendi from the village of Aziz [Gunes, 2006, p. 94]. The buyer of the Sheikh Ali Efendi house was Hafiz Mehmed Efendi, who was now comfortable and close to go to teach at the quarter school, as it was located in the southern part of the quarter, next to his purchased house. Fatma Totay from Bakhchisaray also sold her house for 1000 gurushs to Mehmejan Molla Esenbai (Gunes, 2006, p. 94). It should be noted that in Bakhchisarai, most of the houses were one-and two-story, had gardens with fruit and non-fruit trees. In the descriptions of some courtyards there are water sources - cesme (fountains) [Gunes, 2006, p. 95].

To resolve conflict situations, people went to court. For example, residents of the Haji Esengeldi neighborhood in Karasubazar complained about their neighbor Ummugulsum (Ozdem, 2010, p. 46). The fence that she built around her house prevented the outflow of water during heavy rains, and from this the courtyards of all residents and the quarter mosque were constantly flooded. How this lawsuit was resolved is unknown [Ozdem, 2010, p. 47].

On the pages of court registers, recorded decisions reveal many details of everyday quarterly life. For example, Ayshe Abay died in the Shehre Kyustu quarter of Bakhchisarai. Her house and poor household equipment - an axe, a hoe, a small pot, two mattresses, two blankets, two pillows, a tripod under the boiler, etc. - were estimated at 7300 akche. She had no heirs, so after spending 980 akce of the total amount for her funeral, the court gave the rest of the money to Muhtesib Maqsood Agha in the presence of witnesses [Al-sukuk al-shariyat wa s-sijilat al-mariyat, 1750-1751, vol. 72, l. 28 a]. According to E. V. Bakhrevsky, the word "mukhtesib" is a person who is obliged to monitor the prices at which artisans and merchants sold their goods, and the correctness of weights and measures. He had the right to punish those who cheated in trade matters, using incorrect measures of weight or length [Evliya Celebi, 2008, p. 246]. According to the dictionary of F. Develioglu is a municipal employee; a police officer who combines the position of a municipal employee [Develioglu, 2009, p. 676]. These law enforcement officers kept documentation, accounts, for example: "According to the tarkhan book of Mukhtesib aga, there are only nine thousand gardens of paradise around the city of Bakhchisaray, similar to the garden of Irem. Grapes grown in gardens on the banks of the Kachi, Kazakly-ozen, and Belbek rivers

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and in the gardens of Suresnes - delicious" [Evliya Celebi, 2008, p. 114]. The position of mukhtesib was held in almost all major cities of the Crimean Khanate (Evliya Celebi, 2008, p. 4). 114, 136, 144, 173, 212]. In cases where the deceased person had no heirs, the remaining money was transferred to the state treasury through mukhtesibs. Such decisions are found in Court registers (Kadiasker notebooks).

Fig. 2. Pad for fabric dyeing, XX century. From the funds of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bakhchisarai Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Museum-Reserve (KP 6697-286).

The theme of everyday life is also revealed in the epistolary heritage, which is presented in the work of V. V. Velyaminov-Zernov "Materials for the history of the Crimean Khanate", published in 1864 in St. Petersburg. Suleiman Efendi's letter written in 1633/1634 (second reign of Janibek Giray; Smolensk War) to his wife is of interest. From the first lines, it turns out that Suleiman Efendi treated his wife with love and respect, addressing her: "Dear and beloved, my life partner. The most majestic woman... I am constantly on horseback, so it is not so often possible to write to you ... " Suleiman, realizing that if there is an order to go further on the campaign, he will not return home soon, but may die in battle, writes the following to his wife:: "Send my regards to Shami Mahmoud Celebi. If there is an order to go further on the campaign, take the kusur akche (deferred money. - E. A.) from him, and you can take the akche that is kept by Elhas Beg by asking our Mahmud Kethuda to testify. It will help you with this. Send my regards to them too (selyamlar)." Later in the letter, Suleiman Efendi sends greetings to many friends, acquaintances, neighbors and relatives, including Salikha Kadyn, an au pair assistant, and maids (Velyaminov-Zernov, 1864, pp. 785-787).

It follows from the above that the epistolary heritage reveals a lot of facts, including the range of socio-cultural ties, the daily life of a certain segment of the population. It turns out that this married couple was quite literate. Emails were sent via the postal service. According to the descriptions of the French consul Charles de Paysonel, who visited the khanate on a diplomatic mission in 1755, postal services were free (free travel); all expenses for their maintenance were paid by the khan, donating income from the tithe received from the Nogais of Yanboluk. The khanate's post stations ended in Ochakov. They were placed in various locations: in Uluklukaram, Orkapi, Kajanbak, Gozlev, Bakhchisarai, Akmet, Karasu, Kaffa, where the ruler took half of the expenses on himself. And also in Kersheni-Kale, Tamani and Kaplu. Each station had about sixty horses, and in general they were much better equipped than in Turkey [Paysonel, 2009, pp. 38-39].

Everyday life would not be so bright and full without holidays, which were celebrated and observed with special attention. The main holidays of Muslims are considered to be the Day of Sacrifice (Eid al-Adha) and Ramadan. Evliya Celebi described the Ramadan celebration as follows: "... the noble month of Ramadan came and we spent it with the high-souled khan and the royal companions kakzak-sultans, and especially with the lord of generosity Selim-Giray-Sultan. So I didn't spend Ramadan in any of them.

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countries. Then came a blessed holiday, and all the nobles, ags and sultans visited each other in their homes" (Evliya Celebi, 2008, p. 201).

Handicrafts in the cities of the Crimean Khanate played an important role. It is known that the main urban population of the Crimean Khanate consisted of artisans. This was the most significant stratum of society.

Kadiy, who made an audit of Bakhchisarai in 1701, recorded 13 candle shops [Turan, 2002, p. 302]. All of them were held by non-Muslims. There were eight bakers ' shops , all owned or rented by Muslims. Baking flat cakes from unleavened dough-chereks, sericulture, small trade, carding craft, maksym making, mediation were common occupations. In addition, there were felters of felt-kechedzhi, who made products such as tents-chadyrs and carpets-kilims; manufactory workers-bezzazs, who resold various fabrics; cap makers-kalpakchi, who sewed papakhs-kalpaks and put them on forms; potters-chemlekchi, who made various jugs (desti, ibrik) and mugs (mashrapa); shoe makers- khaffafs, who made goat, ox, cow skins, morocco and sewed mesta (soft men's and women's shoes), boots-chizme, saddlebags-heibe, bags-chuvals and bags; blacksmiths-nalbands, who shod horses, oxen; carders-hallaji, who worked in silk, combed cotton, leather, furs... fabric dyers, etc. [Turan, 2002, p. 304] (Fig. 2). The way of craft life that was formed during the Crimean Khanate was partially preserved until the end of the XIX century.

Thus, cities in the Crimean Khanate were socio-cultural centers, and the population, in turn, played a major role in the development and growth of cities.

list of literature

Abibullayeva E. E. Makhalle-territorial unit of medieval Bakhchisaray based on the materials of Kadiasker notebooks / / Golden Horde Review / Ed. by I. M. Mirgaleev. N 2. Kazan, 2015. pp. 163-187.

Al-sukuk al-shariyat wa s-sijilat al-mariyat, 1750-1751. Vol. 72 / State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan Republican Crimean Tatar Library im. Ismail Gasprinsky, Handwritten and Archival Materials Sector.

Bahrushin S. V. Osnovnye momenty istorii Krymskogo khanstv [The main points of the history of the Crimean Khanate]. Issue 3. Simferopol: Tavriya Publ., 1993, p. 426.

Buryanov V. Walking with children in Russia, Part IV, St. Petersburg: Printing House of the Imperial Russian Academy, 1837 [2], XIII, [2], 391 p.

Velyaminov-Zernov V. V. Materials for the history of the Crimean Khanate. St. Petersburg, 1864.

D'Ascoli E. D. Description of the Black Sea and Tartary. Compiled by the Dominican Emidio Dottelli D'Ascoli, Prefect of Caffa, Tartary, etc. in 1634. http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XVII/1620-1640/Askoli/frametext.htm.

Cameral description of the Crimea 1784 Message from a member of the commission F. F. Dashkov // Proceedings of the Tauride Scientific Archival Commission. No. 6. Simferopol, 1888. pp. 36-39.

Osterman V. Krym-Giray, an ally of Friedrich the Great. Prologue of clashes between Russia and Turkey. Theodore Mundt // Izvestiya Tavricheskoi Uchenoi Archivnoy Komissii [Proceedings of the Tauride Scientific Archival Commission], Vol. 43, Simferopol, 1909, Pp. 1-87.

Paysonel ' Sh. Zapiskaia o Maloy Tatarii [A Note on Malaya Tatarii]. Dnepropetrovsk, 2009.

Timchenko V. N. Arabographic inscriptions of the Gazi-Mansur cemetery and other monuments of Bakhchisarai. Issue 8. Kiev, 2006.

Turan A. N. Cherty povednevnogo byta naroda Kryma (XVII-XVIII vv.) [Features of everyday life of the Crimean people (XVII-XVIII centuries)]. Simferopol, 2002, N 43.

Halim Girai Sultan. Rosebush Khanov, or The History of the Crimea, translated by A. Ilmi, 1909, and explained by K. Ilmi. Ussinova, 2004, 2nd Ed., ispr. Simferopol, 2008.

Evlia Celebi. Travel book. Crimea and adjacent regions. Extracts from the work of a Turkish Traveller of the 17th century, translated by E. V. Bahrevsky. Simferopol, 2008.

Biyik Omer. Osmanli yonetiminde Kirim (1600-1774). Izmir, 2007.

Develioglu Ferit. Osmanlica-Turkce Ansiklopedik Lugat eski ve yeni harflerle. Ankara, 2009.

Gunes Hasan Huseyin. Bahcesaray Cami-i Kebir mahallesi insanlar ve kurumlar // Karadeniz Araslirmalan. N 11.2006.

Ozdem Zeynep. Kirim Karasubazarda sosyo-ekonomik hayat (17 yuzyil sonlarindan 18 yuzyillarina kadar). Ankara: TURK TARIH KURUMU BASIMEVI, 2010.

Velyaminov-Zernov V. V. Kirim yurtuna ve ol taraflarga dair bolgan varliglar ve hallar (St. Perersburg, 1864). Hazirlayanlar A. Melekozyetgin, Ilyas Kamalov. Ankara: TURK TARIH KURUMU BASIMEVI, 2009.

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