TESINSKI KAMENKA III GROUND BURIAL GROUND: CRANIOMETRY AND CRANIOSCOPY DATA*

Craniometric and discretely varying features were studied in a series of skulls from the Tesinsky Kamenka III ground burial ground located in the northern part of the area of similar monuments. The similarity of the studied series with the Tesin groups of Southern Khakassia and the total series of early stages of the Tagar culture is shown. According to craniometry data, the Tesinsky and earlier Tagar groups are similar to the Bronze Age series from Tuva, Upper Ob region, and East Turkestan.

Key words: craniology, Siberia, Tesinsky stage, Tagar culture, Minusinskaya basin.

Introduction

The Tesinsky stage of the Tagar culture, dating from the second century BC to the first century AD, is represented by two types of monuments - crypts, which demonstrate the continuation of the funerary tradition of the previous stages of this culture, and ground burial grounds. The latter reflect innovations in the rite and inventory, which can be interpreted as evidence of the arrival of a non-cultural population in the Minusinsk basin. A study of craniological material from several underground Tesin burial grounds: Chernoe Ozero I, Yoshino III, Sabinka II, and Near Kurgan, conducted by one of the authors (Gromov, 2002, 2004), did not reveal significant differences between the probable migrants and the total Tagar series. However, all these burial grounds are located in the southern part of the Minusinsk basin - in the Baysky and Askizsky districts of Khakassia. The material from the Kamenka III burial ground located to the north - in the Syda-Yerba basin-is extremely interesting in terms of solving the issues of unity and territorial variability of the Tessin population. This burial ground was excavated in 1964-1969 by Ya. A. Sher and yielded the largest Tesin craniological series currently known.

Material and methodology

Skulls from the Kamenka III burial ground were measured by I. I. Gokhman using a standard craniometric program (Alekseev and Debets, 1964). Statistical processing of craniometric data was based on the principal component method (for studying intra-group variability) and canonical analysis using an averaged (standard) intra-group correlation matrix (Deryabin, 1983) (for inter-group analysis). Statistical procedures are implemented using programs written by Yu. K. Chistov, B. A. Kozintsev, and one of the authors.

For a comparative analysis of craniometric data, we used craniological series representing Tesinsky ground burial grounds in the south of Khakassia: Black Lake I, Yoshino III, Sabin-

* The work was carried out within the framework of the Program of Fundamental Research of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Adaptation of peoples and cultures to changes in the natural environment, social and technological transformations".

page 136
ku II, Near Kurgan (Gromov, 2002, 2004), Tatar culture (earlier stages) [Kozintsev, 1977], Aymyrlyg (Scythian and Bronze Age), Chandman burial ground [Alekseev, Gokhman, Tumen, 1987], Aymyrlyg (Hunno-Sarmatian time) [Bogdanova, Radzyun, 1991], Kokel [Alekseev, Gokhman, 1970], tashtykskaya [Alekseev, Gokhman, 1984], Karasukskaya (Gromov, 1995; Rykushina, 2007), Irmenskaya (Molodin and Chikisheva, 1988; Bobrov, Chikisheva, Mikhailov, 1993) cultures, landless burials of Tuva (Alekseev, 1974), Chernoozerye I, Sopka II, Elovka II (EKII), Andronovo culture of the Minusinsk basin and Upper Ob region, Late-Middle-century Monuments bronzes of the Tomsk Ob region (Dremov, 1990, 1997), Andronovo culture of Northern, Eastern, and Central Kazakhstan (Solodovnikov, 2005), Afanasyev culture of the Minusinsk basin (Alekseev, 1961), Oka Neva culture (Gromov, 1997a), Baidag III [Gokhman, 1980], Elunin culture [Solodovnikov, Tur, 2003], Gumugou (East Turkestan) [Han Kangxin, 1986].

Six cranioscopic signs were recorded on the skulls: occipital index (ZI), frequency of the sphenoid-maxillary suture (CWS), frequency of the posteroscullar suture (ZSS), frequency of the type II suborbital pattern (PSU II), index of the transverse palatine suture (IPNS), frequency of the supraorbital openings (NO) [Kozintsev, 1988; Kozintsev, 1992; Tomashevich, 1988; Dodo, 1987]. For ZI, ZSS, PSU II, IPNSH, and NO, the data were summed up without taking into account gender. For KVSH, half-sums of male and female values were calculated. In order to stabilize the variance, the feature frequencies were converted to radians. For their statistical processing, principal component analysis was used. Computer programs written by B. A. Kozintsev and one of the authors were used.

As a comparative material for the analysis of cranioscopic features by the principal component method, we used data on series describing ground burial grounds of the Tesinsky culture of southern Khakassia (in total), the Karasuk and Irmen cultures, the Late Bronze Age period of the Tomsk Ob region, the Andronovo culture of the Minusinsk Basin, the Upper Ob Region, Northern, Eastern and Central Kazakhstan, the Afanasyev culture (in total), Okunev culture, Chernoozerye I, Sopka II, Ekka II (Gromov, 19976, 2002, 2004), Tatar culture (earlier stages), Scythian and Hunno-Sarmatian times of Aimyrlyg (Kozintsev, 1992). It should be noted that a number of series (in particular, Andronovtsy of Kazakhstan) do not coincide or do not completely coincide in composition with the groups of the same name used in craniometric analysis.

Results and discussion

Craniometry

The total male series from the Kamenka III burial ground is characterized by a long, medium-wide and medium-high cranial box, mesocranial according to the cranial index and orthocranial according to the height-longitudinal one (Table 1). The forehead is of medium width, medium slope. A face of medium width and height, orthognathous at the corners of the facial profile and prognathous by the face protrusion indicator. The orbits are medium-wide and low. Nose of medium width and height, mesorinous, medium protruding. The nasal bones are of medium width, the bridge of the nose is medium high. The face is strongly profiled in the horizontal plane. Canine fossa is average.

If we compare this series and the total series from the soil burial grounds of the Tesin culture in southern Khakassia (Gromov, 2002), we can note the similarity of the groups as a whole, but the male skulls from Kamenka III have a narrower face, a weaker protrusion of the nose and a lower bridge.

Total female series from the Kamenka III burial ground (tab. 1) it is distinguished by a long and narrow cranial box of medium height, dolichocranial according to the cranial index and orthocranial according to the height-longitudinal one. The forehead is of medium width, with a moderate slope. The face is tall, of medium width, and mesognathous at the corners of the facial profile and the index of facial protrusion. The orbits are wide and of medium height. The nose is of medium width and height, according to the indicator mesorinic; the angle of protrusion of the nose is medium. The nasal bones are of medium width, the bridge of the nose is high. The horizontal profile of the face is strong at the upper and middle levels. Canine fossa is average.

Compared to the South Tesin women, the Kamenka III women have a higher face, larger orbits, a weaker nose and wider nasal bones, sharper upper-level profiling, and a deeper canine fossa. Common to both sexes is a weaker protrusion of the nose than in southern Tesins. This difference, like most others, can be considered evidence of Mongoloid admixture. An exception is the value of the nasomalar angle.

When analyzing individual data in the Kamenka III series, several skulls with a strongly flattened facial skeleton were identified, for example, the skull of a man from mog. 35 with a nasomalar angle of 149° and a nose protrusion angle of 14°, as well as the skull of a woman from mog. 14 with a nasomalar angle of 149° and a nose protrusion angle of 1 G. The presence of such skulls It is not a unique feature of the Kamenka III series. The same flattened skull was found, in particular, in grave 23 of Mound 3 of the Black Lake I burial ground.

To assess the degree of influence of skulls with a flattened facial skeleton on the intragroup from-

page 137
Table 1. Average sizes and indexes of skulls from the underground burial ground of the Tesinsky Kamenka III culture

Martin numbers, etc.

Sign

Men

Women

n

x

sd

n

x

sd

1

Longitudinal diameter

32

187,1

5,78

30

181,4

7,07

8

Cross diameter

30

141,0

6,65

28

133,6

4,92

8:1

Cranial index

29

75,2

3,45

28

73,8

3,52

17

Height diameter

24

132,7

4,93

21

129,8

5,24

17: 1

Height and length indicator

24

70,8

2,95

21

71,2

2,93

17:8

Cross-height indicator

22

93,5

5,65

20

97,7

4,05

20

Ear height

31

114,5

4,19

25

111,0

5,03

5

Length of skull base

23

102,1

4,04

19

99,8

3,19

9

Smallest width of the forehead

34

97,9

4,27

32

93,4

4,22

10

Maximum width of the forehead

30

120,8

5,52

27

114,3

3,91

29

Frontal chord

31

113,5

5,56

34

109,9

5,08

UPIL

Cross bend angle of the forehead

32

136,1

5,68

31

134,2

5,66

32

Forehead profile angle from p

28

81,3

4,84

25

84,7

5,10

11

Ear width

29

127,7

4,50

23

118,8

4,65

12

Nape width

28

109,8

4,93

26

105,3

3,47

40

Face base length

24

98,8

3,27

18

98,0

3,65

40:5

Face protrusion indicator

23

96,9

3,99

18

98,2

3,36

43

Upper face width

31

105,7

3,22

32

101,1

4,62

45

Zygomatic diameter

29

135,7

4,94

25

125,4

5,35

46

Average face width

29

96,8

4,32

28

92,1

3,57

48

Upper face height

32

72,9

3,59

29

69,6

4,97

48:45

Upper face pointer

29

53,9

3,26

23

55,8

3,02

51

Orbit width from mf

32

42,8

1,24

30

41,3

1,89

51a

Orbit width from d

30

40,5

1,11

26

38,8

1,60

52

Orbit height

32

33,1

2,17

31

33,3

1,68

52:51

Orbital pointer from mf

32

77,5

4,71

30

80,5

3,36

52:51a

Orbital pointer from d

30

82,4

4,94

26

85,1

3,49

54

Nose width

32

24,9

1,85

29

24,3

1,83

55

Nose height

32

52,6

3,38

30

50,0

3,13

54:55

Nose pointer

31

47,2

4,91

28

48,9

4,83

ms

Maxillofrontal width

33

20,2

2,12

29

19,2

1,86

MS

Maxillofrontal height

33

7,8

1,32

29

6,7

1,21

MS:MC

Maxillofrontal index

33

38,8

6,12

29

35,2

7,18

SC

Simotic width

34

8,7

2,05

29

8,3

1,89

SS

Simotic height

34

4,1

1,26

29

3,4

1,10

SS:SC

Simotic index

34

47,6

10,43

29

41,5

14,01

DC

Dacrial width

26

22,4

1,87

25

21,8

2,17

DS

Dacrial height

26

11,5

1,71

25

10,2

1,24

DS:DC

Dacrial index

26

51,7

8,32

25

47,4

7,88

77

Nasomalar angle

34

138,9

4,92

31

138,9

4,90

< zm'

Zygomaxillary angle

31

127,7

3,60

30

125,7

5,44

72

General face angle

29

86,3

3,53

23

83,7

2,78

75(1)

Nose protrusion angle

28

26,4

5,64

27

23,7

6,37

FC

Depth of canine fossa

32

5,0

2,08

31

4,8

2,27

page 138
The main component analysis (GC) was applied for 26 features that are taxonomically significant for differentiating Caucasoids and Mongoloids. The elements of the main components showed that in men, only in the third component, which describes 11.8% of the variability, significant loads fall on the signs of flatness of the facial skeleton (Table 2). In women, these signs are more significant in intra-group variability, and the angles of horizontal profiling have a large weight in the second component, and the indices characterizing the height of the nose - in the third one. Thus, there is reason to assume that individuals with a flattened facial skeleton played a certain role in the formation of craniometric features of the female part of the series. This is often recorded from materials from the northern part of the steppe belt of Southern Siberia (Gromov, 1997a, 2002; Dremov, 1997).

The above-mentioned differences between the series from Kamenka III and from the south of Khakassia in a number of features that are taxonomically significant in the division of Caucasoids and Mongoloids made it necessary to check their reliability more carefully. For this purpose, the series from Kamenka III was compared with the total series from the south of Khakassia for 43 features using the t-test, and all the Tesinsky series were compared with each other in pairs (Table 3). The comparison did not reveal any differences in 23 out of 43 features (these were the same values as in the previous study).-

Table 2. Elements of the first four SCS for the male and female series from the Kamenka III burial ground

Martin numbers, etc.

Sign

Men

Women

GC I

GKI

GKSH

GC IV

GC I

GKI

GKSH

GC IV

1

Longitudinal diameter

0,435

-0,597

-0,058

0,035

0,507

-0,378

-0,227

-0,115

8

Cross diameter

0,716

-0,196

-0,007

0,174

0,709

0,154

-0,092

-0,447

17

Height diameter

0,558

-0,357

0,030

0,229

0,539

-0,134

-0,275

0,532

5

Length of skull base

0,845

-0,109

0,051

-0,404

0,591

-0,293

-0,104

0,586

9

Smallest width of the forehead

0,599

0,468

-0,326

-0,013

0,429

-0,077

-0,251

-0,372

11

Ear width

0,705

0,418

0,076

0,238

0,675

0,060

0,041

-0,402

45

Zygomatic width

0,782

0,422

0,028

0,197

0,770

0,208

0,033

-0,297

40

Face base length

0,363

-0,542

0,031

-0,581

0,096

-0,468

0,376

0,304

48

Upper face height

0,848

-0,096

-0,230

0,038

0,312

0,499

0,345

0,460

55

Nose height

0,739

0,117

-0,269

-0,157

0,476

0,496

0,230

0,080

54

Nose width

-0,172

0,150

-0,484

-0,256

0,209

-0,130

-0,226

0,117

51

Orbit width from mf

0,230

0,515

0,017

-0,421

0,300

0,485

0,242

-0,165

52

Orbit height

0,363

0,664

0,044

-0,302

0,247

0,654

0,027

0,033

20

Ear height

0,577

-0,471

0,033

0,189

0,611

-0,400

-0,229

-0,053

FC

Depth of canine fossa

0,513

0,121

-0,195

-0,354

0,186

0,009

-0,629

-0,238

32

Forehead profile angle from p

-0,512

-0,038

-0,065

0,599

0,085

-0,563

-0,432

0,052

72

General face angle

0,502

0,231

-0,328

0,652

0,640

-0,057

-0,121

0,330

UPIL

Cross bend angle of the forehead

-0,173

0,221

0,782

-0,259

0,060

0,694

0,307

0,370

77

Nasomalar angle

-0,480

0,381

0,598

-0,079

-0,059

0,733

0,118

-0,132

< zm'

Zygomaxillary angle

-0,408

0,455

0,295

0,093

0,252

0,606

-0,137

-0,084

SS:SC

Simotic index

0,434

-0,366

0,617

-0,085

0,401

-0,344

0,644

-0,158

MS:MC

Maxillofrontal index

0,443

-0,409

0,621

0,029

0,131

-0,236

0,719

-0,248

DS:DC

Dacrial index

0,318

-0,439

0,564

0,309

0,267

-0,387

0,802

-0,020

75(1)

Nose protrusion angle

-0,073

0,215

0,010

0,256

0,048

-0,508

0,542

-0,207

65

Condylar width

0,494

0,571

0,441

0,192

0,254

0,074

-0,220

-0,075

66

Corner width

0,559

0,606

0,333

0,132

0,307

-0,046

0,048

0,619

Proper numbers

7,391

4,078

3,079

2,290

4,464

4,174

3,328

2,430

Share of total variance (%)

28,426

15,683

11,842

8,809

17,168

16,056

12,800

9,345

page 139
Table 3. Values of the t-criterion for some features in pairwise comparison of the Tesin series

Martin numbers, etc.

Men

Women

Kamenka III - southern Tesintsy (total)

Kamenka III-Black Lake I

Kamenka III-Yoshino III

Kamenka III-Sabinka II

Black Lake I-Yoshino III

Black Lake I-Sabinka II

Yoshino III-Sabinka II

Kamenka III - southern Tesintsy (total)

Kamenka III-Black Lake I

Kamenka III-Yoshino III

Black Lake I-Yoshino III

8

0,442

2,028

0,276

0,618

2,090

4,402**

0,337

0,789

0,807

0,673

1,197

8: 1

1,186

1,775

0,274

1,689

1,497

3,948**

2,254

1,046

0,903

0,658

1,365

17

0,124

1,517

1,478

0,247

2,822**

1,778

1,143

1,551

0,512

0,271

0,707

17:1

2,046*

0,846

0,000

0,705

0,727

1,229

0,524

0,420

1,421

0,928

2,285*

17:8

1,067

0,422

0,361

0,808

0,040

1,012

0,916

0,560

1,715

0,396

4,337**

9

0,339

0,985

1,296

1,492

2,173*

1,256

1,968

1,062

0,662

0,515

0,943

12

0,660

1,981

0,935

0,566

2,633**

2,553*

0,374

1,711

0,399

0,048

0,317

40:5

0,420

0,220

0,040

0,315

0,130

0,383

0,367

0,776

1,510

1,210

3,484**

43

1,317

1,014

1,706

1,194

2,809**

0,640

2,200

0,726

0,000

0,165

0,147

52:51

2,700**

0,611

0,660

0,816

0,977

1,028

0,277

0,000

0,210

0,469

0,568

52:51a

3,029**

0,548

0,155

0,788

0,525

0,974

0,591

1,330

0,380

1,018

1,182

55

2,094*

0,776

0,499

0,522

0,938

1,116

0,000

1,830

0,094

0,493

0,517

54:55

1,372

1,088

2,132*

0,814

3,269**

0,049

2,567*

0,348

0,496

0,325

0,633

SC

0,805

0,000

0,645

1,107

0,469

0,804

2,404*

1,610

0,191

1,005

1,017

SS

2,308*

0,358

0,192

0,683

0,401

0,707

0,710

0,640

0,732

0,232

0,774

SS:SC

2,288*

0,622

1,231

0,668

1,856

0,186

1,435

1,670

1,091

1,016

1,824

DC

1,309

0,791

1,413

0,516

2,092

0,133

1,584

2,597**

0,083

0,556

0,415

77

0,392

0,712

0,075

0,982

0,622

1,202

1,057

2,425*

0,129

0,715

0,706

< zm'

0,771

0,798

0,364

1,628

0,186

2,339*

1,447

1,591

0,102

0,079

0,000

75(1)

2,857**

0,577

0,423

0,819

0,754

1,073

0,412

0,998

0,000

0,405

0,349

* p < 0.05.

** p < 0.01.

characters are not shown in Table 3). The men's series from Kamenka III significantly differs from the total series from the south of Khakassia in seven features, in particular, the angle of the nose protrusion. However, when compared with a series of individual burial grounds, almost no significant differences were found. Undoubtedly, the decrease in the number of samples played a role here. However, there are no significant differences in the Kamenka III - Chernoe Ozero I pair, where the populations are maximal. Moreover, when comparing the southern burial grounds with each other, despite the smaller number, there were quite a lot of significant differences, especially between Black Lake I and Yoshino III. As for the female series, significant differences were found only in two pairs. The skulls from Kamenka III differ significantly from the total southern series in terms of the dacrial index and nasomalar angle, while the materials from Chernoye Ozero I and Yoshino III differ in height-longitudinal and height-transverse indicators and the index of facial protrusion. At the same time, the face of women from Kamenka III is significantly more sharply profiled at the upper level, which contrasts with the lower angle of the nose protrusion in men of this monument. It is noteworthy that there are no significant differences between the series of both sexes from Kamenka III and Chernoe Ozero I "the biggest burial ground in the south. This indicates that, despite some local differences, the Tessin population as a whole had similar craniometric features. The presence of several flattened skulls did not significantly affect the average characteristics of the Tesin series, so it is inappropriate to talk about a Mongoloid admixture in the population that left the ground burial grounds of the Tesin culture. "Aliens" assimilated by the Tesin society with a flattened facial skeleton

page 140
they were too small to have a significant impact on the appearance of the Tesin people.

To determine the ratio of the population that left the Tesin culture's ground burial grounds to other earlier and synchronous series from Southern Siberia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan, a canonical analysis was applied using the following features: the three main diameters of the skull, the smallest width of the forehead, the zygomatic diameter, the upper height of the face, the width of the orbit from maxillofrontal, the height of the orbit, nose height and width, nose protrusion angle, simotic index, nasomalar and zygomaxillary angles. The authors consider the effect of artificial deformity on the size of the skull in individual series (Okunevtsy, Tesintsy) to be insufficient to take it into account in an intergroup analysis (for more information, see [Benevolenskaya and Gromov, 1997]).

In men, in the canonical vector I (KB I), the greatest loads fall on four attributes : transverse diameter, horizontal profile angles, and nose protrusion angle (Table 4). In women, this vector is dominated by transverse diameter and zygomatic width. In KB II, in men, the maximum loads fall again on the transverse diameter, as well as on the zygomatic width and the width of the orbit; in women , on the smallest width of the forehead, the angle of protrusion of the nose, the nasomalar angle and the simotic index. In men, the first two KB vectors cover 60.7 % of the variance, and in women-64.3 %. Loads on features in KB in the male and female series are distributed differently, but when considering the first vectors together, a significant part of the intergroup variability is determined in both sexes by a similar set of features.

An analysis of the positions of the studied male groups in the KB I and II spaces shows that the Tesin series from ground burial grounds are located near the negative poles for both vectors (Figure 1). In one part of the graph with them are the Tatar series from earlier burial grounds, Tashtyktsy and the Bronze Age series from Tuva, Upper Ob and East Turkestan. The exception is the series from Sabinka II, which is located closer to the center of the chart. This small series was obtained from graves located "on top" of the Lugavsky (Late Karasuksky) burial ground. Since many graves were disturbed in ancient times and there is some discrepancy between the field report and the encryption of bone material, it can be assumed that Lugava skulls were included in the Tesin series. This assumption is confirmed by the intermediate position of the series between Tesintsy and karasuktsy according to the results of canonical analysis.

Women's series in the KB I and II space are distributed in the same way as a whole; the exception is the Tashtyk series: It is located somewhat further from the Tesin groups, and the Scythian time series from Aymyrly-ga is closer (Fig. 2). The female Tesin groups are more similar to each other than the male ones.

See Table 4. Elements of the first three KB series for the Eneolithic, Bronze, and Early Iron Epochs

Martin numbers, etc.

Sign

Men

Women

KB I

KVN

KB III

KB I

KB II

KB III

1

Longitudinal diameter

-0,431

-0,151

0,137

-0,496

0,178

-0,111

8

Cross diameter

0,701

0,637

0,071

0,968

0,080

0,016

17

Height diameter

-0,244

-0,038

-0,002

-0,209

0,415

-0,432

9

Smallest width of the forehead

-0,487

0,524

0,202

0,305

0,619

0,404

45

Zygomatic width

0,395

0,632

-0,316

0,648

0,147

-0,453

48

Upper face height

0,294

-0,355

0,351

0,101

-0,535

0,410

51

Orbit width from mf

0,215

0,635

-0,452

0,332

0,548

-0,577

52

Orbit height

0,446

-0,197

0,073

0,161

-0,375

-0,016

54

Nose width

-0,073

0,291

-0,373

0,132

0,089

-0,375

55

Nose height

0,280

-0,336

0,287

0,176

-0,344

0,313

77

Nasomalar angle

0,697

-0,000

-0,079

0,401

-0,665

0,127

< zm'

Zygomaxillary angle

0,812

-0,023

-0,002

0,439

-0,585

-0,016

SS: SC

Simotic index

-0,134

0,486

-0,454

0,205

0,688

-0,007

75(1)

Nose protrusion angle

-0,778

0,204

0,557

-0,232

0,690

0,493

Proper numbers

48,760

27,783

15,131

50,562

26,657

13,390

Share of total variance (%)

38,681

22,040

12,004

42,128

22,210

11,157

page 141

Figure 1. Position of male series of Eneolithic, Bronze, and Early Iron epochs in the space KB I and n. 1-Kamenka III; 2-Black Lake I; 3-Yoshino III; 4-Sabinka II; 5 - Tagar culture; 6 - Aymyrlyg (Scythian time); 7 - Aymyrlyg (Hunno-Roman period).Sarmatian period); 8-Kokel; 9 - Chandman burial ground; 10-Tashtyk culture; 11-Karasuk culture; 12-Irmen culture; 13-late Bronze Age monuments of the Tomsk Ob region; 14-landless burials of Tuva; 15 - Baidag III; 16-Andronovo culture of the Minusinsk basin; 17-Andronovo culture of the Upper Ob region; 18 - Andronovo culture of Northern, Eastern and Central Kazakhstan; 19-EK II; 20 - Afanasiev culture of the Minusinsk basin; 21-Okunevskaya culture; 22-Aimyrlyg (Bronze Age); 23-Chernoozerye I; 24-Sopka II; 25-Eluninsky culture; 26-Gumugou

2. Position of the female series of the Eneolithic, Bronze, and Early Iron epochs in the KB I and II spaces. See Figure 1 for the group numbers.

In both cases, Okunevtsy is the farthest from any of the underground Tesinsky burial grounds. It should be noted that in the men's series, the Andronov group of Kazakhstan is quite close to the Tesin-Tagar group. For women, the picture is completely different: the Tesin-Tagar group, together with other Andronovites and Afanasievites, occupies the polar position in KB II. The position of this Andronovo series is of interest in connection with the assessment of the role of Andronovo residents of Kazakhstan in the formation of the Tatar population [Kozintsev, 1977]. However, after the revision of K. N. Solodovnikov [2005], this series has been so reduced that there is no reason to consider it representative. Much more interesting is the similarity of the Tatar and Tesin series with the Bronze Age groups from Tuva, Upper Ob region, and East Turkestan. Perhaps you should think about the southern origin of the Tagars.

Cranioscopy

The use of discretely varying (cranioscopic) features in the study of paleocraniological materials from Southern and Western Siberia has shown the significance of this system of features for studying the ancient population of this region (Gromov, 19976; Kozintsev, Gromov, Moiseyev, 1999; Gromov, Moiseyev, 2004). Unfortunately, in terms of the number of samples for which cranioscopic data are available, they are significantly inferior to craniometric material. The Minusinsk basin is better represented than other regions. Until recently, only data on the Tashtyk culture and Tesin monuments were missing. The study of the frequencies of non-metric features on skulls from underground Tesinsky burial grounds is intended to partially fill this gap (Table 5).

In the Tessian series, the ZI is quite low and is comparable to that of the earlier Tagars (hereinafter referred to as Tagars) and Andronovites of Kazakhstan. ZI is more "Caucasian" only in the Afanasievites and the EC II series. It is worth noting that the ZI of representatives of Kamenka III is twice as low as that of southern Tesintsy.

The KVSH of the Tesins is almost the same as that of many ancient series. These are the Tagars, the Hunno-Sarmatian series from Aymyrlyg, the Karasukians, the Andronovites of the Upper Ob region, the Okunevites, and the Chernoozero I series, i.e. half of the studied groups.

ZSS is a feature that distinguishes southern Tesins from the majority of the series. Its value is the maximum for them. Among modern groups, such frequencies are typical for Mongoloids. Almost as often the ZSS occurs in the Hunno-Sarmatian time series from Aymyrlyg. The next series in terms of frequency of occurrence of this trait is represented by the Aimyrlyga Scythians. This is followed by a series from Kamenka III. In all other groups, the SSA does not exceed 10 %. In the materials from some southern Tesinsky burial grounds, the presence of a posteroscullar suture (11 out of 15) is most often noted on turtles from the Black Lake I burial ground. At the same time, the number of observations for this monument is less than half of all the southern Tesinsky ones. The WSS for the rest of the Tesinsky burial grounds is 11.8 %. Similar indicators are observed in the following areas:

page 142
See Table 5. Frequencies of cranioscopic signs in the series of Eneolithic, Bronze and Early Iron epochs of Southern Siberia and Kazakhstan

Series

ZEE

KB

Sh

ZSS

CCGT II

IPNSH

but

n*

p**

n

p

n

p

n

n

n

p

n

p

Kamenka III

64

5,88

133

28,83

80

12,50

54

75,93

91

71,43

123

41,46

Soil burial grounds of the Tesin culture in the south of the Minusinsk basin (total)

45

12,50

99

31,34

66

22,73

42

78,57

64

67,19

107

38,32

Tagar residents (total)

26

15,40

274

31,50

162

9,30

141

57,40

143

75,50

205

42,40

Aimyrlyg (Scythian time)

125

18,40

1036

38,10

551

13,80

597

63,00

620

71,10

218

57,80

Aimyrlig (Hunno-Sarmatian period)

32

31,30

337

28,10

168

22,60

154

58,40

184

62,00

200

59,00

Karasuk residents (total)

243

17,19

573

32,71

308

8,44

216

63,43

308

65,26

459

45,32

Irmentsy (total)

81

21,74

105

39,68

72

8,33

37

43,24

80

70,00

251

38,65

Late Bronze age of the Tomsk Ob Region

30

39,64

27

30,92

26

7,69

9

11,11

26

57,69

75

26,67

Andronovo residents of the Minusinsk basin

39

21,81*

110

59,79

56

5,36

38

65,79

49

63,27

73

36,99

Andronovo residents of the Upper Ob region

33

55,21*

79

33,27

36

5,56

29

62,07

42

61,90

79

43,04

Andronov residents of Northern, Eastern and Central Kazakhstan

40

11,90*

52

43,75

35

8,57

17

52,94

29

72,41

80

41,25

Afanasyevtsy (total)

715

1,22*

142

16,43

79

2,53

67

53,73

73

61,64

132

48,48

Okunevtsy (total)

131

20,51

387

29,33

201

7,96

179

29,05

166

58,43

285

53,33

Sopka-2 (Eneolithic and pre-Iron bronze)

149

32,26

164

18,24

184

9,78

95

33,68

158

60,76

390

28,21

Chernoozerye 1 (Doandronovskaya bronze)

16

30,01*

18

32,14

11

0,00

5

20,00

16

75,00

53

28,30

EC II (Andronovo time)

43

2,36*

55

15,92*

74

8,11

30

46,67

52

82,69

157

21,66

Note: n is the number of observations.

* Calculated using the regression equation.

** p - frequency,%; invalid frequency values are shown in italics.

series such as Kamenka III, Tagartsy, Sopka II and again the Scythians of Aimyrlyg. Thus, it can be assumed that the Tessin population as a whole is characterized by a rather high frequency of WSS, but this suture is even more common on turtles from Black Lake I, since they belong to a group of relatives.

PSU II is a feature that allows us to determine the relationships of carriers of a number of ancient Siberian cultures and their relationships with populations from other territories and even continents [Gromov, 1996, 19976; Kozintsev, Gromov, Moiseyev, 1995; Kozintsev, Gromov, Moiseyev, 1999]. No less interesting in this respect are Tesintsy. CCGT II in the two Tessin series is 75.9% and 78.6% - these are the maximum values of this trait in the groups under consideration. Relatively high values of PSU II are also typical for the Andronovites, Karasukites, Tagars, and the Scythian and Hunno-Sarmatian series from Aymyrlyg.

The IPNR values for Tesin residents occupy approximately an average position among those in the series under consideration. They are in the range of values typical for modern Caucasians, along with most of the ancient series.

Supraorbital openings in Tesins are quite rare (in the south they are slightly less common than in the north, BUT in which they almost coincide with that of Tagars). These holes are much more often observed in the Scythian and Hunno-Sarmatian series from Aymyrlyg. Among the Minusinsk series, it is slightly less common, BUT it is recorded in Andronovo residents. However, in all West Siberian series, the frequency of BUT is even lower.

Assessing the uniqueness of the Tesin cranioscopic complex as a whole, two features should be distinguished - ZSS and PSU. Among the groups under consideration in the Tesinskaya series, their frequencies are maximal. At the same time, if the differences in the frequency of PSU II between individual series are insignificant, then the frequency of occurrence of ZSS between different groups of Tesin residents is very significant. This was noted in the study of cranioscopic features of the Okunev culture carriers (Gromov, 19976). It is possible that the high frequency of HSS does not indicate a Mongoloid admixture in the human body.

page 143
Tesin people or their proximity to the population of Tuva in the Hunno-Sarmatian period. It is possible that the unusually large number of skulls with posteroscullar sutures in Black Lake I is explained by genetic-automatic processes in a closed population. The answer to this question can only be provided by expanding the source database. Of particular importance is the accumulation of cranioscopic data on materials from the crypts of the Tesin culture.

To determine the relationships of the groups under consideration, we used the GC analysis based on six characteristics. As a result, two GC's with eigenvalues exceeding one were identified (Table 6).

Table 6. GC elements for the Eneolithic, Bronze, and Early Iron series

Sign

GC I

GC II

GC III

ZEE

-0,195

0,824

0,061

KVSH

0,224

0,495

0,800

ZSS

0,692

0,079

-0,116

CCGT II

0,843

-0,269

0,176

IPNSH

-0,026

-0,818

0,373

but

0,728

0,275

-0,310

Proper numbers

1,808

1,747

0,924

Share of total variance (%)

30,136

29,115

15,392

3. Position of the Eneolithic, Bronze, and Early Iron epochs in the space of GC I and n. 1-Kamenka III; 2 - Tesin ground burial sites in the south of the Minusinsk basin; 3-Tagar culture; 4-Aymyrlyg (Scythian time); 5-Aymyrlyg (Hunno-Sarmatian time); 6 - Tashtyk culture; 7-Karasuk culture; 8-Irmen culture; 9 - late Bronze Age monuments of the Tomsk Ob region; 10 - Andronovo culture of the Minusinsk basin; 11 - Andronovo culture of the Upper Ob region; 12 - Andronovo culture of Northern, Eastern and Central Kazakhstan; 13-EC II; 14-Afanasiev culture of the Minusinsk Basin; 15-Okunevskaya culture 16-Cherno-ozyorye I; 17-Sopka II.

In GC I, the maximum loads fall on the NO, CCGT II, and the ZSS plays a slightly smaller role. In Civil Code II, a large load is borne by ZI and IPNSH.

In the space of GC I and II, which cover 59.2 % of the total variance, the studied series were divided into three groups (Fig. 3). Both Tess series are grouped with the series from Aymyrlyg. Most of the Minusinsk series forms a compact cluster together with the Andronovtsy and Irmentsy, and the third, very conditional group consists of the West Siberian series. Although at first glance, SSSS does not play a dominant role in group discrimination, it is difficult to explain the similarity in the situation of the Tesin people and the Tuva population of the Hunno-Sarmatian period by anything other than the similarity in the frequency of SSSS.

Conclusions

1. According to the data of two independent craniological systems, the population that left the Tesinsky ground burial grounds does not show significant territorial differentiation.

2. Individual skulls with a flattened facial skeleton found in Tesinsky burial grounds do not significantly affect the appearance of the Tesinsky population, but they are more often found in the northern Kamenka III burial ground. This probably explains the slightly lower average angle of protrusion of the nose in skulls from the burial ground under consideration.

3. The results of the canonical analysis of craniometric features indicate continuity between the earlier Tatar and Tesin populations. It should also be noted that the above-mentioned series is similar to the Bronze Age groups from Tuva, Upper Ob region, and East Turkestan.

4. The data of the GC analysis indicate the peculiarity of the cranioscopic complex of ground burial grounds of the Tesinsky culture, characterized by high frequencies of ZSS and PSU. In this respect, they are more similar to the Scythian and Hunnic-Sarmatian series from Aymyrlyg than to the total Tatar series.

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