Turkey Keywords:, Israel, R. T. Erdogan, Justice and Development Party, Davos crisis, Mavi Marmara ferry

Turkey was the first Muslim country to establish diplomatic relations with Israel in March 1949. Even at the height of World War II, Turkish Ambassador to Romania H. S. Tanjover protested to the Romanian Foreign Ministry in defense of the Jews in connection with their deportation to Transnistria (Transdniestria), which became a cemetery for more than 200,000 Jews.¹ Turkish diplomats in France and on the Greek island of Rhodes, occupied during the war by the Nazis, saved Jews, declaring them citizens of the Republic ^of Turkey2.

Since the establishment of the Jewish state, relations between Turkey and Israel have been allied.

Turkey was one of Israel's few allies in the region, and in the second half of the 1990s, they reached the level of strategic partnership. Even in the most difficult moments of Turkish-Israeli relations, Turkey did not follow the example of other states.

ANKARA AND TEL AVIV IN THE 90's

A distinctive feature of Turkish-Israeli relations in the 1990s is their versatility. The two countries were linked by a military-strategic partnership agreement and close trade and economic relations. And these ties were supported by the United States.

Economic relations were regulated by intergovernmental agreements on mutual promotion and protection of investments, on the prevention of double taxation, and on trade and economic cooperation. All of them entered into force between 1996 and 1999.3 ^Of particular importance to the Turks was the Free Trade Agreement, which provided them with access not only to the Israeli market, but also to the markets of the United States and Jordan.

All this allowed to increase Turkey's exports to Israel to $4.3 billion a year, while Israeli exports to Turkey amounted to $1.4 billion. Israelis, creating joint ventures with Turkish firms, mastered the market of the countries of Transcaucasia and Central Asia. Tel Aviv has been more successful in this area than Washington. The most economically backward southeastern regions of Turkey used Israel's high agricultural technologies. Cultural and scientific exchanges between the two countries have reached a high level. Resorts in Turkey have become a favorite holiday destination for many Israelis.

Serious concerns about the fact that the Justice and Development Party (AKP)one-party government came to power in 2002 were gradually dispelled under the leadership of R. T. Erdogan, there may be a serious "cooling" in relations between Ankara and Tel Aviv. This was facilitated by the party leader and head of government, who, speaking at party forums and conferences of the AKP after coming to power, spoke about Israel as an important partner in the region, initiated mediation efforts aimed at resolving Israel's relations with a number of Arab countries, primarily with Syria.

Analyzing the dynamic development of Turkish-Israeli relations at that time, it is necessary to emphasize the fact that the main engine of deepening cooperation with Israel, which began in the 1990s, was the Turkish army, which until recently occupied a dominant position in the country. It was the military structures and special services of the two countries that laid and strengthened the foundation of Turkish-Israeli cooperation, which had a positive impact on expanding ties in other areas.

MILITARY COOPERATION

Cooperation between Turkey and Israel in the defense industry and in the military sphere is regulated today by two important documents. These are the Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Defense (1994) and the Agreement on Cooperation in the field of Military Training (1996).⁴. Both documents have secret attachments. It is the saturation of these documents with specific areas of cooperation in the military sphere that allowed the two countries to conclude dozens of contracts worth billions of dollars.

In the second half of the 90s of the XX century, as well as in the early 2000s, Israel became one of the sources of equipping the Turkish army with modern weapons and contributed to the development of the Turkish military industry, which needed modern technologies. To your oche-

Turkey for the Israeli military-industrial complex in those years was a large and promising market for sales of weapons and military equipment, the most important client in this area after the United States and India. Total sales of Israeli weapons and technology to Turkey (from 1995 to 2003) reached billions of dollars.

Among the most ambitious deals are the modernization of Turkish F-4 and F-5 fighter-bombers (the contract amount is more than $1 billion), as well as American-made M-60 tanks (the contract amount is $650 thousand), the supply of various unmanned aerial vehicles, reconnaissance equipment and many other systems.

Among the projects in the military sphere, we should also mention the contract won by the Turkish firm BMC for the production of special equipment in Israel for laying safe passages in minefields and neutralizing land mines. After all, thousands of hectares of mined fertile fields on the border with Syria were planned to be cleared and transferred to farmers for the production of agricultural products.

Along with this, in Turkey (Konya province), Israeli pilots for many years had the opportunity to practice training flights on the ground, the characteristics of which are as close as possible to the possible theaters of military operations of the Israeli Air Force. Joint exercises of the Air Force and Navy of the two countries, as well as special forces to fight terrorism, were held on a regular basis.

Agreements on cooperation between the two countries ' special services are of great importance. Cooperation in this area goes back to the second half of the 1950s.Any details here are classified, but based on the fact that Turkey borders with Syria, Iraq and Iran, we can assume what opportunities opened up for Israel with the assistance of Turkish colleagues.

All these areas of cooperation allowed Turkey to provide not only a significant share (experts believe 20-35% by the beginning of 2003, and today they make up 15-18%) in Israel's general contracts with foreign countries in the military and defense industry. Ankara also received the status of a privileged partner of Tel Aviv in this area. The level of trust and mutual interest in relations between the two countries were significantly increased.

Turkish military experts pay tribute to Israel as one of the leaders in the global arms sales market, describing it as a reliable supplier of high-quality products. They call the main advantage of Israel and the fact that the weapons produced in this country have already proven themselves well during military operations. This is very important for the Turkish side, given the use of weapons and military equipment supplied from Israel in combat operations against the Kurdistan Workers ' Party militants.

CHANGES FOR THE WORSE

Many experts attribute the beginning of these changes to the events of the winter of 2008, when Israel launched a large-scale operation "Cast Lead" in the Gaza Strip. However, the alarm bell rang much earlier. An important moment in shaping Turkey's foreign policy towards Israel was the visit of the head of the political bureau of the Palestinian group Hamas, H. Mashaal, to Ankara in January 2006.

The same cannot be said for the visits of representatives of Tel Aviv during the same period, which, as a rule, were accompanied by mass protest demonstrations and the laying of a" black wreath " at the gates of the Israeli Embassy. Protesters shouted " Get out of here," calling Israelis " murderers." Professor Y. Sahin of the Turkish Center for International Strategic Studies (USAK), analyzing the deterioration of relations during that period, believes that these visits served as the starting point of a prolonged crisis in Turkish-Israeli relations. ⁵

As for Operation Cast Lead, it is noteworthy that it was undertaken just three days after Tel Aviv assured Ankara and Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan personally that it did not intend to do anything.-

th similar. As a result of this military operation, about 1,400 Gazans were killed, including 300 children. At the height of the Israeli bombardment, Erdogan told his Israeli counterpart Sh. Peres at the Davos International Forum: "You're killing people! You pursue a policy of State terrorism"⁶. This incident marked a turning point in diplomatic relations between the two countries. Their differences became apparent.

The events that followed only added fuel to the fire. In January 2010, a series featuring Mossad agents as villains was released on Turkish TV screens. Israel demanded an explanation from the Turkish Ambassador, O. Celikkol. During a conversation with the deputy head of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, the Turkish ambassador was asked to sit on a low sofa in front of Israeli officials sitting much higher than him. According to Ankara, only the Israeli flag was deliberately placed on the table where the meeting was held. Photos from this meeting went around all the newspapers and news agencies in Turkey and provoked a storm of indignation. Ankara considered this attitude of the Israeli side humiliating and increased its public criticism of Tel Aviv's military actions in the Gaza Strip and Lebanon. The Turks protested and recalled the ambassador for consultations.⁷

And finally, the last straw. It was the assault by Israeli special forces in international waters of the humanitarian "Freedom Flotilla", which was trying to break the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip. At that time, 9 Turkish citizens were killed on board the Mavi Marmara ship. Ankara once again recalls its ambassador to Tel Aviv and demands an official apology from Israel. "This is an atrocity. 30 bullets were removed from the bodies of 9 victims, " R. T. Erdogan stated.⁸ However, Israel refers to the report of the UN special commission that investigated the incident.

The process of preparing the UN report was used by Turkey and Israel to find mutually acceptable language that could lead to reconciliation between the parties and resolve the conflict. However, the Turkish-Israeli closed-door talks did not bring the desired results. This also served as an additional irritant and a reason for mutual harsh statements and accusations.

The UN Commission recommended that Israel express regret over the incident and pay compensation to the families of the victims. Turkey insisted "not on regret, but on an apology." The report did not take into account Ankara's demand to lift the blockade on the Gaza Strip. On September 2, 2011, the day the report of the UN Special Commission was published, Turkey once again recalled its ambassador from Israel and suspended all military agreements with Tel Aviv.

Turkish President A. Gul, assessing the UN report, said that " from the point of view of Ankara, this document has no force." "The current Israeli Government has become a burden to the Israeli people themselves. You can't talk about its reliability. The Israeli government, which should be the best analyst of events in the Middle East, is completely devoid of any strategy, " the President ^of Israel stressed. The head of the Turkish Foreign Ministry A. Davutoglu announced a reduction in the level of diplomatic relations between the two countries. He noted that the next measure may be the termination of trade relations. In addition, he announced Turkey's intention to file lawsuits against Israel in international courts.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, in turn, said that he did not intend to apologize to Turkey. The rigidity of his position was supported by Israeli Foreign Minister A. Lieberman. Touching upon the general issues of relations with Turkey, he noted in particular:: "We are preparing for any scenarios of the situation, but we hope that we will be able to restore good neighborly or at least normal relations. However, we do not intend to bend under the Turks or raise a white flag."

R. T. Erdogan, continuing the chain of mutual accusations, again pointed out Israel's "policy of state terrorism" and announced the final decision that his country freezes all trade and military relations with Israel. At the same time, he added that this decision also applies to defense industry enterprises. "Today," he stressed, " Israel has lost Turkey as a regional partner for the implementation of its political goals. Tel Aviv has always behaved like a naughty child in relation to the implementation of UN resolutions and believed that it would continue to behave like this. In fact, what Israel has done is a reason for war, but we are patient, as befits Turkey. " ¹⁰

Another factor that negatively affected Turkish-Israeli relations was the situation around Cyprus. Ankara strongly opposes Cyprus ' plans to start drilling wells on the shelf, which is located within the exclusive economic zone of the republic. The Turkish authorities claim that this violates the interests of Ankara and Turkish Cypriots and may damage the negotiations on the Cyprus settlement.

Cyprus held its first offshore exploration tender back in 2007. As a result, the concession was awarded to the American company Noble Energy. It was the company that recently discovered huge gas reserves on the Israeli shelf in the immediate vicinity of Cyprus. After the deterioration of relations with Israel, Turkey has repeatedly made harsh statements regarding the intention of Cyprus to conduct joint development of a gas field in the Mediterranean Sea with Israel. Ankara called these plans a "provocation" and threatened retaliatory measures, including the use of the navy.

Turkey has urgently signed an Agreement on the delimitation of the shelf with the so-called Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) to start similar drilling in the area adjacent to the northern part of the island. The document signing ceremony took place on September 21, 2011 at the UN headquarters in New York. It was signed by R. T. Erdogan and the" president " of the TRNC D. Eroglu. "Both sides of the island have the right to enjoy the natural resources of Cyprus on an equal basis," Erdogan said after signing the Agreement.

In September of the same year, edit-

The Turkish government approved the so - called Operation Barbarossa-Aegean Shield (named after the Ottoman corsair Admiral of the 16th century). Hayreddin Barbarossa). The document is a new naval strategy, within the framework of which the regrouping of Turkish Navy ships is carried out, which is also related to sanctions against Israel, since it also includes ensuring the security of the delivery of international humanitarian aid to Gaza.

According to the document, the navy intends to withdraw part of its forces from the Black and Marmara Seas and send them to the Eastern Mediterranean region. In particular, Ankara will gather significant forces off the coasts of Cyprus and Israel. A group of 2 frigates, 2 corvettes, several patrol ships and missile boats, as well as support vessels will also be deployed there. This Naval group will be covered from the air by combat aircraft based at air bases located near the cities of Konya (it was from this air base that Israeli pilots took off and trained for about 10 years. - A. K.) and Izmir. These bases host the most advanced Turkish fighters - the American F-16C/D Fighting Falcon. The last detail of the plan will be a permanent patrol of the waters of the Middle East region by a flotilla consisting of 4 frigates and one support ship with a commando unit on board. It is possible that Turkish submarines will also be sent to this area.¹¹

It is also envisaged that the Turkish Air Force aircraft will be equipped with a new "friend-foe" recognition system that can automatically detect Israeli targets as "enemy", in contrast to the previously purchased in the United States, which was programmed at the production stage in such a way that Israeli military facilities were perceived by the onboard recognition system as "their own", and under no circumstances did the Turkish pilots have the opportunity to open fire on them. The Turkish military command intends to place modified electronic recognition systems on Navy ships as well.

The former head of the diplomatic mission in Turkey and First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Israel A. Liel called" the most unpleasant and dangerous of the sanctions announced by Turkey against Israel "is Ankara's statement that it intends to "protect" the Eastern Mediterranean. The expert is sure that Turkey will not fight with Israel for Lebanon and Gaza, but can fight for Cyprus. " The reason may be a dispute over the rights to oil and gas production, navigation and the new demarcation of maritime borders. The fact that the armies of the two states know each other can help prevent a conflict, but it is impossible to exclude the possibility of an armed clash, " the diplomat said. ¹²

Turkey believes that despite the lack of a clear link between the conflicts with Cyprus and Israel, Tel Aviv will not be able to stand aside if Ankara tries to implement its military threats. After all, since September 4, 2011, Israel has been an official military and strategic partner of Greece, having concluded a defense assistance agreement with it. The armies of both countries are already actively coordinating their actions in the Eastern Mediterranean. In addition, the Israeli Leviathan gas field borders the Cyprus economic zone, and everything that happens in it also affects Israeli interests.

It should be noted that a detailed analysis of specific actions and statements of the parties still allows us to conclude that a pessimistic scenario for the development of further events is premature. A special briefing on Israel was held in Ankara under the chairmanship of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and with the participation of all concerned agencies, during which a roadmap for the development of Turkish-Israeli relations was formulated. Experts noted that it was after this event that a number of high-ranking representatives of the Turkish leadership began to lose the rigidity of the "third condition" for normalizing relations between Turkey and Israel (the first condition is an apology for the death of Turkish citizens on the Mavi Marmara motor ship, the second is compensation for the families of the victims), namely, the lifting of the blockade from the Gaza Strip. At the same time, it is noted that the issue of Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip will be resolved not by accepting a Turkish ultimatum, but in The Hague Court, i.e. in the international legal field.

At the same time, Ankara did not ignore the statements made in Tel Aviv. Thus, former Israeli Prime Minister E. Olmert called on the government to resolve the diplomatic crisis, saying: "It is possible to improve our relations with Turkey, and this is in the national interests of Israel. So we have to do this. I personally know the leaders of Turkey. Turkey is not Israel's enemy, and Israel is not Turkey's enemy. In the past, Turkey has served as a bridge for sensitive contacts that are important from the point of view of our interests. This is also possible in the future. "¹³ And according to Defense Minister Barak," we are talking about two of the strongest and most important states in the region, so despite all our differences, and we have them, we need to act based on reason, not emotions and intuition. This is something that we and our Turkish neighbors should think about. " ¹⁴

The head of the Central Bank of Israel, S. Fischer, speaking in Tel Aviv at the International Conference on Regional Economic Cooperation, referring to relations with Turkey, also warned of the negative consequences of their further deterioration. He stated: "Turkey is developing rapidly. We must not lose it. Otherwise, the consequences for us will be very severe. Ending trade relations with Turkey will cost Israel dearly. " ¹⁵

It is worth mentioning the reaction in the world to the aggravation of Turkish-Israeli relations. U.S. State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland said they were saddened that Turkey and Israel could not agree on mutual steps to resolve misunderstandings. The United States, she said, hopes that both countries will continue to look for opportunities to improve their relations.¹⁶

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has called for better relations between Turkey and Israel in the name of a peaceful missile defense system.-

process in the Middle East. "Normal relations between the two countries are extremely important for the Middle East and for the peace process in the region. A stable relationship between Israel and Turkey is also important because they both share a border with a troubled Syria."

The topic of Turkish-Israeli differences was also raised during the talks between the Presidents of Russia and Turkey on September 8, 2011 in Yaroslavl. D. A. Medvedev and A. Gul agreed that the problem should be resolved through diplomatic means at the negotiating table.

In addition to cooperation between Israel and the Republic of Cyprus in the exploration of oil and gas fields on the Cypriot shelf, Ankara may lose an influential ally in the issue of the Armenian genocide. After all, the Jewish diaspora sided with the Turks and prevented the recognition of the Armenian Genocide by the US Congress. Former State Department consultant A. Cohen, who heads the Russia, Eurasia and Energy Security research program at the American Heritage Foundation research center, said:: "The Turks themselves have ruined relations with the only stable partner in the region. Moreover, this happens when their notorious policy of "zero problems" with their neighbors has turned into an evil joke. The Turks have problems all along their borders: with Iran, with the Kurds in Iraq, with the Georgians over Abkhazia, and with Syria. " ¹⁷

WHAT IS THE REASON FOR THIS DEVELOPMENT?

The locomotive of the rapprochement with Israel, which began in the 1990s, was, as already noted, the Turkish army. Meanwhile, since the AKP came to power in 2002, one of its main goals has been to eliminate the influence of the army on the country's domestic and foreign policy, which is enshrined in the Turkish Constitution. This, by the way, corresponded to one of the requirements for Turkey as a candidate country for joining the European Union as a full member. Plans to join the EU were declared a priority of Ankara's foreign policy, and therefore the process of" squeezing " the army out of politics was quite dynamic.

A significant blow to the positions of the Turkish army was inflicted not even by the mass prosecution of hundreds of officers and generals on charges of conspiracy, but by the resignation in July 2011 of almost the entire high command of the country's Armed Forces. After that, hopes that it was the army that would be able to achieve a return to former relations with Israel were practically reduced to zero.

In this regard, the opinion of Professor M. Ayub of the University of Michigan (USA), expressed in an interview with me during a "round table" at the Institute of Strategic Thought in Ankara, is of interest. He believes that Turkey's position in the region has been strengthened thanks to a special model of "Turkish democracy". Democratic political realities in the country made it possible to consolidate its common state line. "The government can pursue a policy without resorting to military force. Turkish army generals have previously maintained very close ties with their colleagues from Israel, and until a few years ago, it was impossible to assume that such a tough position would be taken against Israel," the professor noted.

The Arab Spring also played a role in the deterioration of Turkish-Israeli relations. Popular demonstrations in Egypt, Libya, Jordan, Syria, and Bahrain set a new benchmark for the region's development and gave Turkey a chance to actively participate in shaping a new political reality in the Middle East and North Africa. Ankara tried to take advantage of this chance. Turkey declared the need to respect democratic norms and human rights and called on the former leadership, which oppresses its people, to leave.

Turkey has made a bet on new political forces. Ankara supported the Libyan Transitional National Council, as a member of NATO participated in the alliance's military operation in Libya, but insisted that it would be involved only in logistics, and not in combat operations. Turkey broke with the regime of Bashar al-Assad, with whom it signed dozens of interstate agreements just the day before, including the formation of a "common government" designed to develop and implement joint bilateral projects in various fields.

Ankara actively implemented humanitarian actions for Libyans and called for an end to the bloodshed from both NATO and Gaddafi's troops. Two meetings of the Contact Group on Libya were held in Istanbul. Representatives of the new leadership of the "Arab Spring" countries came to Turkey. R. T. Erdogan himself became one of the first leaders of the Muslim world to tour these countries, visiting Egypt, Tunisia and Libya.

The Turkish Prime Minister, speaking at the Arab League headquarters in Cairo, called the position of the Israeli authorities an obstacle to establishing peace in the Middle East: "On the one hand, Israel is trying to consolidate its legitimacy in our region, and on the other, it is taking irresponsible steps that undermine it. Israel will be able to end its loneliness only when it acts as a reasonable, responsible and serious State. The Israeli people are being held hostage by their Government. " ¹⁸

A significant increase in capital from Arab countries to Turkey is also of interest. Over the past five years, its volume has increased 10-fold and exceeded $40 billion. This also played a role in the hardening of Ankara's position towards Israel. After all, the losses from the decline in Turkey's exports to Israel can more than be compensated by trade with Arab countries. In 2010 alone, exports to these countries totaled $27 billion. However, it is not even the numbers that are important here, but the trend. Compared to 2009, the volume of Turkish sales to Arabs increased by more than 2 times. At the same time, only exports to Iraq exceeded sales to Israel by about 50%.

INSTEAD OF CONCLUDING

Relations between Israel and Turkey are not only bilateral. For many years, they were part of a triangle, the third side

which was the United States. The dramatic internal political changes in Turkey and the "Arab revolutions" that have seriously damaged the Ankara - Tel Aviv axis, as well as the ongoing destabilization of the situation in the region, have demonstrated the growing importance of Turkey and Israel as American strategic regional allies.

Washington is putting pressure on both sides of the conflict to normalize relations between them. Against the background of other acute problems in the Middle East, the United States sees the Israeli-Turkish conflict as a temporary setback. This is not entirely true, since the settlement of disagreements between the two countries is increasingly "tied" to relations with other states (Greece, Cyprus, Armenia), which significantly complicates the solution of this problem at the bilateral level and can lead to irreversible consequences. In this situation, it is very important both for Israel, which remains in a hostile Arab and Islamic environment, and for Turkey, taking into account its relations with Greece, Cyprus, Armenia and the problem of the Armenian genocide, to preserve the partnership and allied Turkish-Israeli relations.

The leaders of the two countries understand this. This is evidenced by the fact that the dispatch of the second "freedom flotilla" to break the blockade of Gaza with the participation of the Mavi Marmara ferry, which was repaired and almost reloaded in Istanbul, was postponed. Such a decision of the flotilla organizers, according to Turkish experts, could have been made only at the highest level in the country's leadership.

Turkey also drew attention to some nuances of the country's government's consent to the deployment of a NATO missile defense radar on Turkish territory. A number of representatives of the main opposition parties (including Deputy General Chairman of the Republican People's Party F. Logoglu) said that the government's consent to the deployment of this missile defense element on Turkish territory will negatively affect, first of all, Turkish-Iranian relations. And although at the request of Ankara, the mention of Iran was removed from the NATO documents, everyone, according to the Turkish politician, allegedly understands that the radar in Turkey is directed primarily against Iran. This is also in the interests of Israel.¹⁹ (They prefer to keep silent about its orientation against Russia.)

At the same time, as it became known at the end of November 2011, the heads of the intelligence services of the two countries joined the closed negotiations on the settlement of Turkish-Israeli relations. This was stated in Istanbul by the already mentioned Israeli diplomat A. Liel: "This is a good sign that gives real hope for the return of Turkish-Israeli relations to the previous level." According to him, the decision to negotiate was made by the head of the Israeli government, despite the active objections of the Foreign Minister, who in protest banned the Foreign Ministry employees from discussing this issue with representatives of the special services.

The history of Turkish-Israeli relations also speaks in favor of this option. After all, the current crisis is not the first in relations between the two countries. Thus, in 1956, due to the Suez crisis, the level of diplomatic representation was lowered to envoy advisers, and in 1980-to second secretaries after the annexation of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights by Israel. It was only in 1990 that the Turkish ambassador again arrived in Tel Aviv. In this regard, it seems that the claims of a number of analysts that Israel has finally lost Turkey as a strategic partner are premature and exaggerated, although, admittedly,the process of resolving Turkish-Israeli relations will be quite difficult.

¹ Подробнее см.: Simsir B. N. Turk Yahudiler II. Istanbul, 2010.

² Подробнее см.: Kivircik E. Buyukelci. Binlerce Yahudiyi Nazi Soykirimdan Kurtaran Turk Buyukelcisi Behic Erkinffin Hikayesi. Istanbul, 2010. The historical documentary film "Turkish Passport", directed by Turkish director B. Arlier ("Yahudileri kurtaran Turk pasaportu"), shown at the Cannes Film Festival in 2011, is dedicated to this topic. - http://www.t24.com.tr/content/newsdetail.aspx?newscode=145378&cat=42).

³ Turkiye-Israil Ekonomik Iliskileri // сайт МИД Турции - http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-israil-ekonomik-iliskileri.tr.mfa

⁴ Iste askeri anlasmalar - http://habervakti.com/?page=news_details&id=54839

^{Sahin Turel Yilmaz.} 5 Turkiye-Israil iliskilerinde yasanan son gelismeler uzerine kisa bir degerlendirme // USAK. 17.09.2011 - http://www.usak.org.tr/makale.asp?id=2316

⁶ Davos'ta kriz // CNNTurk, 30.01.2009 - http://www.cnnturk.com/2009/dunya/01/29/davosta.kriz/511241.0/index.html

⁷ Buyukelci Oguz Celikkol Turkiye'de // CNNTurk, 16.01.2010 - http://www.cnnturk.com/2010/turkiye/01/16/buyukelci.oguz.celikkol.turkiyede/559648.0/index.h tml

⁸ 9 Turke toplam 30 kursun... // CNNTurk, 05.06.2010 - http://www.cnnturk.com/2010/dunya/06/05/9.turke.toplam.30.kursun/579019.0/index.html

⁹ Israil Hukumetine Guven Duymuyorum. Turkish President A. Gul's interview to the Süddeutsche Zeitung newspaper, September 16, 2011 - http://www.tccb.gov.tr/mulakatlar/almanya/sdz

¹⁰ Erdogan: Israil, simarik cocuk rolunu oynuyor // Anadolu Ajansi, 06.11.2011.

¹¹ Kod adi: Barbaras // Sabah.com.tr, 06.09.2011 - http://www.sabah.com.tr/Gundem/2011/09/06/kod-adi-barbaros

¹² War between Turkey and Israel may start over Cyprus // Mignews.com, 08.09.2011 - http://www.mignews.com/news/politic/world/080911_104859_12162.html

¹³ Ehud Olmert: Turkiye Israil'in dusmani degil // NTVMSNBC - http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25247242/

¹⁴ Basbakan Erdogan'in Israil'e yaptirim aciklamasi, dunya kamuoyunda genis yanki buluyor // TRT Haber - http://www.trt.net.tr/haber/HaberDetay.aspx?HaberKodu=0f798815-2d13-47da-a099-26d15733d fb1

^{Can M.} 15 Israilli isadami aglama duvarinda // Sabah.com.tr - http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2011/09/06/israilli-isadami-aglama-duvarinda

¹⁶ ABD'nin Turkiye-Israil kaygisi // CNNTurk - http://www.cnn-turk.com/2011/dunya/09/06/abdnin.turkiye.israil.kaygisi/628460.0/index.html

¹⁷ Ariel Cohen: Yahudi lobisi Ermeni Soykirim tasarisini desteklemez ancak engel de olmaz - http://news.am/tur/news/78051.html

¹⁸ Erdogan'dan Kahire'de Tarihi Konusma //информационный ресурс Aktif Haber - http://www.aktifhaber.com/erdogandan-kahirede-tarihi-konusma-490895h.htm

¹⁹ Meclis'te "Fuze kalkani" tartismasi // информационный ресурс Gazete Port - http://www.gazeteport.com.tr/haber/56056/mecliste_fuze_kalkani_tartismasi

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