Author: I. V. ZAITSEV
TURKOLOGICAL AND OTTOMAN STUDIES. Turkish and Ottoman Studies. Issue IV, V. Yerevan, 2006; 2008. 292 p.; 262 p. (1)

DOCUMENTS ON THE HISTORY OF THE VOLGA-URAL REGION OF THE XVI-XIX CENTURIES FROM THE ANCIENT STOREHOUSES OF TURKEY. Collection of documents. Comp. by I. A. Mustakimov. Kazan: Gaskhar Publ., 2008, 464 p, ill. (2)

The last two issues of the collection published in Yerevan under the general editorship of Ruben Safrastyan, Director of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, have a similar structure: sections "Ottomanica", "Turcica" and "Armeno-Turcica", dedicated respectively to Ottomanics, problems of general Turkology and studies of Turkey during the Republican period, as well as various aspects of Armenian-Turkish relations. links. Issue IV also contains three reviews of similar publications (in particular, Garo Kurkman's Turkish two-volume book "Armenian Artists at the Ottoman Court, 1600-1923").

The articles of the first section in both issues are relatively few in number, but they are diverse in plot and very informative. Here are the most interesting ones. This is Alec's job-

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Sandra Safaryan on Zia Gokalp's views on women's rights (issue IV, in Armenian), Ruben Safrastyan's extensive study " Ottoman Policy towards Christians during the Tanzimat Period: New Trends "(Issue V, in English), Anush Oganesyan's article "Maruzat" by Ahmed Cevdet as a source for the study of Tanzimat" (vol. V, in Russian). I would like to mention Fuat Dundar's article on ethnographic studies of members of the Unity and Progress Party (issue IV, in Armenian), translated by Artak Shakaryan from Turkish into Armenian. Sergey Murtuzaliev's research concerns information about the Bulgarians and Bulgaria of the Ottoman period in the Russian historiography of the XVIII century (vol. V, in Russian). This section also includes works on the medieval history of the Ottoman Empire: Mikhail Svanidze's article on Suleiman the Magnificent's campaign against Iran in 1533-1535 and the creation of the Erzurum Pashalyk (vol. V, in Russian), as well as Vahan Bayburdyan's research on the Turkish question in Iranian-European political relations in the XVI-XVII centuries, which is based on a large number of European and Russian sources (issue V, in Armenian).

The section "Turcica" is mainly devoted to various aspects of the history of Turkey during the republic period: the theory and practice of Kemalism; the Constitution of 1924 and party building in the country; relations between society and the army in the 1960s and 1970s; Turkish foreign policy (in particular, the analysis of Turkey's policy in Central Asia in the 1990s; contemporary issues of Turkish-Syrian relations, as well as the history of Soviet-Turkish diplomatic relations: the Moscow and Kars Treaties of 1921); the problem of the Meskhetian Turks; the goals of organizing congresses of the Turkish Historical Society (Turk Tarih Kurumu), etc. There are few philological and linguistic articles in this section (in issue IV there are two articles in Armenian: Ani Avetisyan "Orhan Pamuk and his "Black Book""; Levon Amirkhanyan "From the history of studying Adverbs of the modern Turkish language"; in issue V, three works in Armenian: Hasmik Asatryan "Dialects of the Eastern Group of the Turkish language", Siranuish Galshoyan "Nominative complexes in the works of Yashar Kemal", Knarik Mirzoyan " Structural and Semantic Features postpositions in the modern Turkish language".

In the section" Armeno-Turcica", we should mention Ruben Safrastyan's extremely balanced article (issue IV, in English), devoted to the periodization and analysis of historical contacts between Armenians and Turks from the Seljukid era to the end of the XIX century. Arman Kirakosyan's articles "Armenian Mission of the American Red Cross in 1896" (issue IV, in Armenian) and Hasmik Stepanyan's "Armenian-written Turkish literature and Armenian-Turkish literary relations in the Ottoman Empire in the XIX century" (issue V, in Armenian) are of interest.

The multilingualism of the collection is impressive. The articles are not only in Armenian and Russian, but also in English, and their authors represent Armenia, Russia, Ukraine and Georgia. It seems that this is the principled position of the editorial board members. Despite the fact that the main language of the publication is Armenian, Russian and especially foreign Ottomans and Turkologists would like to see small annotations to articles in English or Russian in the future. However, this is the only reproach to the beautiful and promising international project, which, undoubtedly, is the collection. I hope that a high level will distinguish its subsequent releases.

* * *

The genre of a peer-reviewed collection of documents is one of the most complex and responsible. It requires from the publisher not only knowledge of the nature of office work (in this case, Ottoman), remarkable paleographic skills and language training, but also the principles of traditional archeography of Eastern texts (in this case, Old Ottoman), as well as general historical training. Russian Ottoman studies still did not know such publications and, I am sure, it will not be possible to wait for a repeat soon. Looking ahead, it is worth saying that the precedent should be recognized as successful: the compiler, the author of most translations of documents and comments on them, I. A. Mustakimov, successfully coped with the task.

The collection is divided by the publisher into two unequal parts: "Crimea, the Volga-Ural region and the Ottoman Empire in the XVI-XVIII centuries" and "The peoples of Inner Russia and the Ottoman Empire of the era of Abdulhamid II". The documents of the first part are mainly extracted from the" Registers of Important Cases", which recorded the texts of Sultan's messages to foreign rulers, and decrees issued on behalf of the Sultan by the August Diwan. The earliest document of this section is dated 1521, the latest-1782. Thus, the 43 documents of the first part allow us to trace the dynamics of the Ottoman policy towards the Golden Horde states (Au-

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to the Khanates of Astrakhan, Kazan, and Crimea), as well as to the rulers of the Kalmyks almost throughout their history. The documents of the second part cover a period of about 15 years (1883-1897) and relate mainly to the position of Muslims of the Volga-Ural region in the assessment of Ottoman diplomats.

The collection contains 15 documents from the archive and library of the Topkapi Palace Museum and 46 texts from the Ottoman Archive under the Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey. All of them are provided with facsimiles, Arabic-language Old Ottoman texts, translations into Russian, and detailed comments on palaeography, reading and translating individual words and expressions. The collection's documents, with rare exceptions, have already been published by French and Turkish researchers (although sometimes only in facsimiles), some even more than once, and some texts were introduced into scientific circulation by the compiler of the collection itself. However, this does not detract from the publication's significance. First, the Russian reader received for the first time a single collection of original texts with a Russian translation, with comments and a valuable insight into the Ottoman record-keeping, which allows to better understand the specifics of published documents. Secondly, in comparison with previous publications of documents, their dates have been clarified, and new reading options are often proposed.

A picky reader may find some errors in texts and translations. Thus, in the text of the letter of the Shirin clan representatives to Saadet Giray (early 1523), there is no reason to change the reading of Jiban Giray, proposed by the first publishers of the document [Bennigsen and Lemercier-Quelquejay, 1972, p. 337; Le Khanat, 1978, p. 107], to Jiyan Giray (doc. N 2, text p. 60). First, there is no sufficient paleographic evidence for this (see facsimile on page 58). Secondly, the Kettlebell with this name is not mentioned in the sources available to me. Probably, in this case we are faced with a mixture of two words jibin/jeban (mosquito, fly) [CTS, p. 145; Taniklariyle..., 1945, p. 196; Tamklariyle..., 1954, p. 130] and choban (shepherd). In Russian documents, this representative of the dynasty appears as Choban-Giray. The name Choban was not exclusive to the Giray family. At the end of the 16th century, even a special branch of the dynasty was formed, the so-called Chobanids (from Choban Mustafa, i.e. Mustafa the Shepherd-son of Feth Giray). Devlet-Giray and the Captive Polka) [Dictionnaire..., 1891, p. 1884]. Feth Giray did not recognize his son as his own, and he was given as a shepherd, and then returned to the Crimea under the name of Devlet Giray. For the first time the name Choban is found in the first half of the XVI century. This was the name of the sultan, the son of Muhammad Giray, who, after the arrival of Saadet Giray in the Crimea in the summer of 1523, together with his brother Bibey, was "chained", i.e. taken under arrest. He probably managed to escape. In the Crimea, he left his mother - "Queen Magmed-Gireeva". Choban-sultan wanted to get to Kazan, but he was afraid of the Nogais, who blocked the roads with a field. Through Astrakhan, Choban tried to move to the Dagestani Tyumen [RGADA, f. 89, op. 1, ed. xr. 1, l. 260 vol., 263 vol., 270], but he had to stay in the city. In the autumn of 1523, he defended Astrakhan from the Nogai Mirz Mamai and Yusuf [Zaitsev, 2006, p.103]. I think that this particular weight is mentioned in the specified letter. Finally, the text makes it possible to consider the name Jiban-Giray in isolation from the definition of mirza. The fact is that the definition of mirza comes after three names - Jiban-Giray, Bagyrgan and Chagyrgan - and can only refer to the last two, especially since the definition of "Your slave" comes before his name in the singular

Thus, the following translation of this part of the phrase "Your slave Jiban-Giray and Mirza Bagyrgan and Chagyrgan" looks more logical. The reason that a natural weightlifter found himself surrounded by the Shirin mirzas is probably to be found in his kinship relations with them.

In the translation of the list of gifts of the Kalmyk ruler Ayuki to the Ottoman sultan (March 1710), an inaccuracy was made: in the facsimile of the document and, most importantly, in its typeset text about musk bags (p. 265, 266), their number is clearly read - "nine", while in the translation it is mistakenly - " one " (2, p. 267).

The translation of the expression in the message of the Ottoman Sultan Murad III to Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich about the extradition of Murad-Giray and the removal of the Cossacks from the Ottoman borders (June-August 1585) as "may Allah water his grave!" is doubtful (2, p.224). This is not accurate. Stylistically, it would be better to say, "May his grave be fragrant!" or "may his dust be clean!"

We have to admit that such minor inaccuracies and errors in translations for such a fundamental publication, unfortunately, are inevitable.

In general, I would like to congratulate our Kazan colleagues on a very successful publication, which not only once again demonstrated the importance of studying the documents of the richest Turkish antiquities.-

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It can also serve as a reference point in terms of the level and quality of work performed for future publications of this kind.

list of literature

Drevnetyurkskiy slovar ' (DTS), L., 1969.
Zaitsev I. V. Astrakhan Khanate. 2nd ed., ispr. Moscow: Vostochnaya litra Publ., 2006.

RGLDA - Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. F. 89 ("Relations of Russia with Turkey")

Bennigsen A., Lemercier-Quelquejay Ch. Le Khanat de Crimée au Début du XVI Siecle. De la Tradition Mongole a la Suzeraineté Ottomane d'aprés un document inédit des Archives ottomanes // Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique. Paris; La Haye. Vol. XIII. N 3 (1972).

Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire et de Géographic par Samy-Bey Fraschery T. 3. Constantinople, 1891.

Le Khanat de Crimée dans les archives du Musée du palais de Topkapi. P., 1978.

Tamklariyle Tarama Sözlüğü. Cilt II. Istanbul, 1945.

Tamklariyle Tarama Sözlüğü. Cilt III. Istanbul, 1954.

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