Along with the Xiongnu, Chinese dynastic histories mention other steppe peoples, such as the Yuezhi and Wuxun. Under the pressure of the Xiongnu, Yuezhi and Usuni were forced to leave their nomads and move to the Central Asian Semirechye. Numerous monuments of the Late Scythian period in Tuva (Uyuk-Saglynskaya culture), based on the materials of which it is possible to trace contacts with the Xiongnu, suggest that they were left by the Usuns. Such items from the Suglug-Khem-1, -2 and Khayyrakan burial grounds in Tuva, such as mirrors with a side handle, hair clips, wire earrings, wooden tables on four legs, painted ceramics, etc., are comparable to finds from ordinary burials of the Usuns of Semirechye. The Usun moved to Semirechye after crossing the Sayan-Altai Highlands and the Irtysh River, below Lake Baikal. Zaisan, where they left traces of their presence in monuments of the Kulazhurgin type, which are characterized by burials with crouched skeletons in stone boxes, ceramic products close to Tuvan in shape, and very poor accompanying equipment.

Keywords: Hunno-Sarmatian period, Usuni, Xiongnu, Central Asia, Tuva, Semirechye, Uyuk-Sagly culture, burial ground, burial rite, archaeological complex, chronological indicators, ceramics.

Introduction

The ethnonym "Usuni", which in the Hunno-Sarmatian period referred to one of the tribal associations that roamed between the lakes. Lobnor in the south and the Altai-Sayan Highlands in the north, became famous for Han dynastic stories. These sources (Houhangnu and Qianhanipu) report that in the second century BC, the Xiongnu Shanyu Maodun defeated Yuezhi in the Zhanye-Ganzhou region and conquered Loulan, Wusun, Hujie and the 26 borderlands with them. The Yuezhi, according to various sources, lived in the steppe region from Dunhuang in the west to Ganzhou in the east. The location of Loulan-a small oasis-state-is confined to the lake. Lobnor. The Usuni probably bordered Loulan in the south and Hujie in the north (Semenov, 1995, p. 157).

Usuni is also mentioned in ancient sources. Pompey Trogus called them "Asians", Ptolemy - "Issedons"; for the first time identified these peoples with the Hudson Usuns [Elnitsky, 1977, p.80].

During the Xiongnu military expansion, the Yuezhi hordes, followed by the Wusun, invaded the territory of the Central Asian Semirechye. The Usuni created an early state association of nomads here, whose borders ran along the Chu and Talas rivers in the west, along the Tien Shan spurs in the east, and along Lake Baikal in the north. Balkhash, and in the south they reached Lake Baikal. Issyk-Kul, where the city of Chita was located - the headquarters of the Usun Kunmo (leaders). According to Chinese sources, the population of this formation consisted of 120 thousand kibitkas (families), 630 thousand people. souls; the number of combat troops reached 183 thousand. [Bichurin, 1950, p. 190-191]. The Usun tribal Union existed from the second century BC to the fourth century AD, or rather, until it became part of the Turkic Khaganate. Among the Kazakhs of the Senior Zhuz, Kirghizs of the Issyk-Kul basin and part of the Uzbeks, the generic ethnonyms "sary-uysun", "uyshun" and others have been preserved, indicating the possible participation of the Usuns in the ethnogenesis of these peoples [Akishev and Kushaev, 1963, p.139].

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Analysis of archaeological sources

Archaeological sites that can be associated with the Usun mountains on the territory of Semirechye were studied by A. N. Bernshtam, G. A. Kushaev, Yu. A. Zadneprovsky and others. These specialists studied the material culture, burial rites, and anthropological remains of representatives of the Wusun tribes.

Almost all researchers noted that in the Wusun period, several ethnic groups co-existed on the territory of Semirechye. The local substrate was represented by the Central Asian Sakas, whose settlement territories were first invaded by the Yuezhi, and then by the Usuni. According to Yu. A. Zadneprovsky, yuezhi was characterized by burials in pits with potholes and catacombs, and the local Saka population buried the deceased in simple ground pits stretched out on their backs [1992, p. 73-100; 1997, p.73-79]. The burial grounds of the Usun period and the Usuns proper, who, according to Pompey Trogus, were the "kings of the Tochars", i.e., the nomadic Central Asian hordes that destroyed Greco-Bactria, are difficult to distinguish. This explains the appearance of the terms " Sako-Usun culture "and" Sako-Usun monuments", introduced into scientific circulation by A. N. Bernshtam and G. A. Kushaev.

Special attention should be paid to the elite mounds in which the leaders of certain groups of the tribal union, i.e. the Usuns themselves, could be buried. Such a monument was considered by Yu. A. Zadneprovsky to be the Talgar burial ground (on the outskirts of the city of Talgar in Kazakhstan) [1997, p. 82]. There are 444 burial mounds with a diameter of 4 - 56 m and a height of 0.1 - 4.5 m. In 1956, 13 small (diameter approx.10 m) mounds were studied here, in 1973 - 1976 - 6 large (diameter 18 - 56 m and height 1.2 - 4.5 m). All large burial mounds are of the same type in the design of burial structures. Grave pits in size (3,0 - 4,5) × (2,0 - 3,0) depth of 0.8-1.2 m. The walls of the pit were lined with stone, the pit was covered with a roll of logs of Tien-Shan spruce. It is possible that a log house was built in some mounds. A stone was laid on top of the pit cover, and then an earthen mound was erected, which was lined with stone. In these mounds (all of them were looted), hand-sculpted ceramic products made on a potter's wheel, carnelian beads, a clay seal with the image of a winged goat, an iron knife, etc. were found. Almost all the graves contained gold plaques that served as decorations for the funeral costume. Approximately 500 such items were recorded in mound 4. The plaques were sewn onto clothing made of red-colored leather. Initially, the researcher of these mounds A. G. Maksimova attributed the monuments to the IV-III centuries BC [1980, pp. 114-122], but then KA. Akishev dated the burial ground to the second-first centuries BC (1983, pp. 174-177).

The Talgar mounds were certainly left by the Usun tribal elite, which is indirectly evidenced by certain features of burial chambers characteristic of monuments of Central Asia. Among the latter, first of all, we should mention the monuments of the Late Scythian culture on the territory of Tuva, which are well studied from the materials of such burial grounds as Aymyrlyg [Mandelstam, 1992, pp. 178-196], Suglug-Khem-1 and -2 Ikhayyrakan [Semenov, 2003], Ozen-Ala-Belig [Weinstein, 1966], and others. also Ulang in Mongolia, etc. They are distinguished by burials in wooden log cabins with an area of 16.0-20.0 m2, stacked, as a rule, in four crowns. Burial chambers were of medium size (6-9 m 2) and were installed in pits 2-3 m deep. Some burials were made in stone boxes next to log cabins or on the log floor.

In the listed burial grounds, with the exception of Aymyrlyg, we have counted 90 log cabins dating from the III-II centuries BC. 392 people were buried in them (including 306 adults and 86 children). As noted, almost all log cabins were partially or completely looted, so not all recorded human remains can be judged on the position of the buried. Nevertheless, statistical data allow us to conclude that the vast majority of the deceased were buried on the left side (153 graves) in a crouched position (with bent legs). In 82 graves were buried on the right side. 117 people had their heads turned to the west - north-west, 45 to the north - north-east, and 37 to the south - west or south. In some cases, they were buried face down (6 skeletons) and stretched out on their backs (2 skeletons). According to our observations, some of the bones were destroyed intentionally or the remains were buried after long storage in the open air - on the bones that are not in anatomical order, there are dog or wolf bites. Both in log cabins and in stone boxes, numerous ceramic vessels were recorded (more than 200 units were counted).), wooden utensils, iron and bronze weapons, gold jewelry - stripes on clothes, pieces of dried red varnish, bronze mirrors, etc.

Among the materials of Scythian-era burials in log cabins and stone boxes excavated in the Aymyrlyg burial field, A. M. Mandelstam singled out items similar to those found in the Usun complexes from the Central Asian Semirechye. These included iron pins with a spherical pommel, bronze mirrors with a side handle and a hole, rectangular buckles-clips, crutch-type pendants made of bronze and bone, and ceramic products decorated with horizontal fluting or painting [1983, p. 46-48].

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All the listed objects, which were transferred by the Usuns from Central Asia to Semirechye, are represented on the Suglug-Khem burial ground, as well as on other monuments in Tuva and Northwestern Mongolia. These are iron pins with a spherical pommel, sometimes plaqued with gold, and "crutch" type pendants, and painted and fluted ceramic vessels, and medal-shaped mirrors with side handles of various types, sometimes zoomorphic outlines, and earrings made of gold and copper wire characteristic of usuns, and wooden tables on four legs, and ceramic spinning wheels, bronze rectangular buckles, touchstones, however, common for Saka burials, and arrowheads with a tetrahedral warhead and a clamping nozzle. The latter, known from the materials of the Kapchigai III burial ground (mound 20) in Kazakhstan, were probably distributed during the expansion of the Xiongnu. They are found both in Xiongnu burial grounds in Transbaikalia and in Late Scythian burials in Tuva [Semenov, 1999, pp. 177-121].

Traditionally, it was believed that the Scythian-type cultures of the Sayan-Altai Highlands completely disappeared in the third century BC, they were replaced by new cultures associated with the influx of Central Asian Mongoloids. However, archaeological research has shown that the Scythian culture in Tuva and Northwestern Mongolia continued to exist in the second and possibly first centuries B.C. The established dates for a number of burial grounds and individual burials of the Uyuk-Sagly culture in this region were revised to take into account chronological indicators - things Xiongnu origin or copies thereof, as well as characteristic Scythian objects found in the same complexes with Xiongnu products. 13 indicators were selected from log cabins, stone boxes and crypts at the sites of Suglug-Khem-1 and -2, Hayyrakan (group 4 and 5), Ulangom, etc. (Figure 1).

Most of the complexes of the Uyuk-Saglin culture are synchronized by the presence of openwork five-ring plaques (Figs. 1, 1), which are often presented in combination with things characteristic of the Xiongnu culture. The latter include bone spoon-shaped clasps found at the Suglug-Khem-1 and -2 burial grounds (Figs. 1, 3), miniature models of bronze bowlders-pendants (Figs. 1, 4); three-bladed arrowheads (Figs. 1, 5), three-bladed iron arrowheads (Figs. 1, 8), rectangular massive iron belt buckles or clips (Fig. 1, 12). Among these indicators, the most characteristic are miniature pots found in the burials of the Suglug-Khem and Khayyrakan burial grounds, as well as in the Kosogol treasure (Figs. 1, 4a), which dates back to the II-I centuries. B.C. [Devlet, 1980, p. 14]. The Kosogol treasure includes items belonging to the Xiongnu culture, for example, openwork belt plates and bronze spoon-shaped clasps (Fig. 1,2), imitations of which are found in Tuva at the Khayyrakan burial ground, crypt 5/1 (Fig. 1, 2a). In the same complex there is a five-ringed bronze plaque and an iron knife (Fig. 1, 9). Analogs of the latter are known from the materials of the Ivolginsky settlement (Davydova, 1995, Table 186) and Tesinsky graves in the Minusinsk basin. Five-ring plaques, bone spoon-shaped clasps, miniature bowlders, three-bladed v-shaped arrowheads, openwork bronze bells (Fig. 1, b), bone arrowheads with a split nozzle (Fig. 1, 7), iron belt buckles (Fig. 1, 12) were found in other burials of Khayyrakan. In terms of analogs and a number of features, this burial ground is most closely related to the Xiongnu culture. There are no bronze mirrors typical of the Scythians, images in the animal style, but there are Uyuk-Saglynsk ceramics, many products and weapons made of iron, along with log cabins there are collective tombs in stone crypts.

Ulangom burial ground is located in North-Western Mongolia and can be included in the list of monuments of the Uyuk-Sagly culture. 23 log cabins and 17 burials in stone boxes were excavated on it. The complex was dated to the 7th-3rd centuries BC [Tsevendorzh, 1980, p. 95-100].E. A. Novgorodova traditionally attributed the burial ground to the 5th-3rd centuries BC [1989, p. 278]. In her opinion, the "Ulangom people" left their territory when the Xiongnu appeared there. The funerary inventory of at least five log cabins (possibly more) included items typical of the Xiongnu culture: arrowheads with a hidden sleeve (Figs. 1, 5), massive iron buckles (Figs. 1, 12), a button with the image of a bear (figs. 1, 13) from log cabin 23. Similar buttons They were found in graves 100 and 138 of the Ivolga necropolis (Figs. 1, 13a), as well as in graves 102 of the Dyrestui burial ground. In the latter, three spoon-shaped clasps, bronze openwork bells, plates with the image of fighting horses and a wu-shu coin, which defines 118 years, were also found. as a terminus post quem for this complex, and more generally for the entire burial ground, since several such coins were found here (Minyaev, 1998, pp. 72-75). In general, the Dyrestui burial ground of S. S. Minyaev dates back to the first century BC. He also dates the Ivolga complex, which A.V. Davydova is inclined to attribute to the II-I centuries BC [1996, pp. 24-25]. Based on the fact that some of the indicators of the Uyuk-Saglynsky mounds are found in the Ivolginsky settlement and in the necropolis (iron products-fig. 1, 8, 9, 10, 12), three-bladed arrowheads (Figs. 1, 5) and spoon-shaped clasps made of bronze and bone), I date the burial ground to Ulang within II-I centuries BC

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1. Synchronization of the Uyuk-Saglynsk culture monuments of Tuva and the Xiongnu of Transbaikalia.

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(from 177-the time of Maodong's campaigns against Yuezhi). Another group of finds tends more towards the Dyrestui complexes: openwork cone-shaped bells (Fig. 1, b), models of bowlders and their imitations in the form of bells (Fig. 1, 4), diamond-shaped cross-section bone arrowheads with a split nozzle (Fig. 1, 7), buttons with the image of a bear full-face (1, 13) can be dated no earlier than 118 BC with respect to five-ring plaques not found on Xiongnu monuments: their lower date is not fully determined (in all probability, they appeared earlier than the II century BC), and the upper one can be considered to be the VII century AD by Western analogues. similar to the Tuvan ones, it was used as an earring and was found in border 5 of the Sain burial ground in the Urals region along with a Sasanian coin of Khosrov II dated to 625 AD (Goldina and Vodolago, 1990, Tables 37, 29). Five-ringed openwork plaques and products derived from them are found in the monuments of the Przeworsk culture and date back to the early subphase of the Roman period [Andralojc, 1992, p. 167-189]. It is possible that such ornaments came to the West in the process of activating the Sarmatians in Europe.

At the Suglug-Khem burial grounds in general, Scythian funerary equipment, which includes items made in the animal style, includes things that are not typical for the Uyuk-Saglynsky complex. These include a bronze yak-shaped pad (Loam-Khem-2, log house 7; Fig. 2), which was located in the same complex with a cast bronze mirror with a side handle in the form of a cat predator (Fig. 3, 3). In the same log house there were three-sided and three-bladed bronze arrowheads, a bronze coinage, an iron akinak with a heart-shaped crosshair, an iron quiver hook, etc. A painted clay teapot was found in the nearby log cabin 5, indicating East Turkestan connections (Figs. 4, 10). This complex included a fragment of a bone buckle with the image of a scene of torment (see Figures 3, 6; 5), gold stripes on clothing, jar ceramics with a curved coloring on the body, common for Tuva and Gorny Altai (Figure 6). In log house 29 at the Suglug-Khem-1 burial ground, along with the usual gold plates, the following items were found: an anthropomorphic bone buckle, made not in the Scythian or Xiongnu traditions, was found among both bronze products and ceramics (see Figs. 3, 10).

Pottery, which has already been mentioned, remains one of the main categories of funerary equipment. Loam Burial grounds-

2. Bronze yak-shaped patch plate. Loam-Hem-2, log house 8.

Fig. 3. Monuments of art from the log cabins of Loam-Khem.

1-5, 7, 9-bronze; 6, 8, 10-bone.

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4. Painted ceramics of the Scythian period.

Hayyrakan burial grounds (7), Suglug-Khem-2 (2, 3, 5 - 7, 9, 10) and Loam-Hem-1 (4, 8).

Fig. 5. A fragment of a bone buckle with the image of a scene of torment. Loam-Hem-2, log house 5.

6. Typology of ceramics from the Suglug-Khem-1, -2 and Khayyrakan burial grounds.

Khem-1 and -2 and Khayyrakan belong to 119 whole ceramic vessels. They were measured by eight main indicators according to the statistical processing program proposed by V. F. Gening [1992, pp. 15-45].

Visually, ceramics are divided into two groups: the first group includes narrow - necked vessels with a rounded body (pots), and the second group includes jar-shaped vessels. In the first group there are five types of vessels, in the second-two: closed and open jars (see Fig. 6). Ornamentation in this typology is not taken into account, because in most cases it is individual (Fig. 7). Undoubtedly, the relationship between Saglynsk and Altai (Pazyryk culture) ceramics. There is a similarity in the outline of the vessels. Some of them correspond to types I and V of the first group. They are distinguished by a more elongated shape, the height significantly exceeds the maximum diameter of the vessel, and this proportion is characteristic of ceramics from the Yustyd, Sailyugem and Ulandryk burial grounds. Although in the same monuments there are also squat pots with a low neck and a rather wide throat (Semenov, 2003, p. 75).

A significant series of Pazyryk ceramics with a high funnel-shaped throat is visually distinguished. A special group consists, as noted above, of painted ceramics discovered in Tuva (Aimyrlyg, Sug-

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7. Ornamental vessels from the burial grounds of the Ozen-ala-Belig stage of the Saglynsk culture.

1, 3, 5, 6, 8 - 10, 12 - Loam-Hem-1; 2, 7, 11, 14, 15 - Khayyrakan; 4-Suglug-Khem-2; 13-Ulangom.

Lugkhem, Khayyrakan), Mongolia (Ulan-Gom), and the Altai (Bike1, Kara-Koba, Yustyd, Ala-Gail III, Ulandryk, Katon, Kara-Koba, Kyzyl-Jar-1, Tashanta, etc.) [Kubarev and Slyusarenko, 1990, p. 185 - 192] (fig. 8).

The curvilinear painting brings some of these vessels closer to dishes from the Suglug-Khem and Khayyrakan burial grounds (see Fig. 4). The more complex, intricate lines compared by E. A. Novgorodova with signs of an unknown alphabet (Ulangom burial ground, log house 23) resemble the painting on ceramic products from the Tashanta-2 burial ground (mound 4)., Suglug-Khem-2, etc. The undulating patterns on the dishes from mound 1 of the Yustyd-22 burial ground are similar to the drawings on the vessel from mound 47 of the Ulangom burial ground. The ceramic teapot with geometric painting from the Suglug-Khem-2 burial ground has analogues among the finds from the oases of East Turkestan (see Figure 8). In shape, it resembles a vessel with a spout from mound 5 in Talgar.

Ceramics of East Turkestan found in burials with equipment of the Scythian type (Chauhugou culture) are very diverse in design. Along with the curvilinear pattern, geometric patterns filled with paint, shaded triangles, meander patterns, circles with straight vertical stripes, etc. are widely represented (see Figure 8). In the west and north-west of the East-west corner of the city center, you can see the following patterns:-

8. Areas of Central Asian painted ceramics.

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Painted ceramics were found in the Usun burial grounds of Kapchigai III (Akishev and Kushaev, 1963, p. 175-182), Shurbarat I (Nurmukhanbetov and Trifonov, 1989, p. 57-61), and others, as well as in Saka burials in the Ketmen-Tyube basin in the middle reaches of the Naryn River. But here, in Kyrgyzstan, the appearance of painted painted ceramics is partly due to the influence of Central Asian agricultural centers (Zadneprovsky, 1992: 73-95). The presence of painted vessels in Central and Western Tuva, Northwestern Mongolia, and in the eastern and central parts of the Russian Altai suggests that similar products appeared in the Sayan-Altai Highlands from the river valley. Or in the II-I centuries BC.

In addition to ceramics, which served as a receptacle for funeral food and drink and performed universal functions in the funeral inventory of any deceased, it is necessary to consider specific male equipment, including weapons, and female complexes. The combat set of military equipment includes a bow and arrow, a chekan and an akinak (dagger). It is not fully represented in all burials, since many burials were looted and things were left in the log cabins that were not noticed by the robbers or not interesting to them. Only a bronze hammer can indicate the presence of a coinage on the buried person, a dagger - traces of oxide on the femur, and a bow and quiver-several arrowheads. According to the canon of the funeral rite, any objects could be replaced with votive, reduced products or parts thereof. Arrowheads are most often found in Saglynsky / usunsky log cabins, although bows are also fragmentary.

A whole bow found in a Scythian burial of the 5th century BC at the Saryg-Bulun burial ground in Central Tuva allows us to create reconstructions of this type of weapon, which was common among the early nomads of Central Asia before the invasion of the Xiongnu, whose bows significantly differed from the Scythian ones. The bow is segmented in cross-section and was made from a single piece of birch split off from the trunk. Its length is 100 cm, width is 4 cm. On the outer (flat) surface of the bow, tendons were glued (preserved in the upper part). The inner (convex) surface was covered with fish (burbot?) skin. Probably, it was used to wrap the whole onion, but since the skin dried up over time, fragments of strips 4 - 5 cm wide remained from it. At the ends of the bow there were cutouts for attaching the bowstring. Arrows (10 pcs.) lay in a quiver, which was attached to the belt with a bronze tip and eight bronze clips. All arrow shafts (seven birch and three coniferous) are well preserved. Their length varies within 70 cm. In the feathering zone, all arrows are painted with geometric patterns (Semenov and Kilunovskaya, 1990, pp. 42-43).

The fact that a similar bow design was preserved at the end of the Scythian period (Usun period) is evidenced by strips of fish skin under the bones of the thoracic part of a man buried in log house 29 at the Suglug-Khem-1 burial ground. His clothes were decorated with plaques made of foil, in the area of the belt were iron chekan and akinak of poor preservation. Strips of fish skin and fragments of a wooden bow base were also found during the excavation of mound 83 of the Kholash burial ground on the border of Tuva and Altai. Here, a pair of tiered burials was made in a stone box. The two ceramic vessels found in the burial (one with traces of painting on the torso) do not differ in any way from similar ceramic products from the Suglug-Khem-1 burial ground. The bow found here reached a length of 127-130 cm. The width of the fish skin fragments was 4 cm. Wooden decay was traced along the entire length of the former bow, but wood was preserved at the ends [Semenov, 1997, pp. 15-20]. Thus, the design and dimensions of the bows of nomads of the Scythian era of Tuva are reconstructed with sufficient reliability.

Arrows were equipped with tips made of bronze and bone. When hunting fur-bearing animals, all-wood arrows with a thickened end in the warhead, the so-called tomars, were used. Bronze arrowheads come in two main types: petiolate arrowheads and V-shaped arrowheads. Petiolate tips are represented by three-bladed, trihedral - three-bladed and trihedral, vtul-shaped-three-bladed with an annular sleeve, similar to those found at the Ivolginsky hillfort and Dyrestuysky burial ground in Transbaikalia, which belong to the Xiongnu culture (Fig. 9).

Iron arrowheads (6 units) were found in log cabin 6 at the Suglug-Khem-2 burial ground. They are three-lobed, petiolate, with stingers lowered down. Similar three-pointed arrowheads made of iron were found at the Ivolginsky burial ground, therefore, we can talk about certain chronological correspondences between the Xiongnu burial grounds in Transbaikalia and Tuva.

Bone tips are represented by several types: three - and four-sided, petiolate and lobed, among the latter there are bullet-shaped ones. There are tips with a split or slotted clamping nozzle and a four-sided striking part.

Melee weapons such as daggers and chutes were made of bronze, but more often of iron. The former are remnants of an earlier time; they tend to be smaller than the others. The second ones (not all of them in satisfactory condition) are full-size combat weapons (Fig. 10).

Universal women's kit, placed in burials, in a leather bag or dressing case, with-

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9. Typology of arrowheads from log cabins of the III-II centuries. B.C. from Tuva.

A-petiolate; B - lobed; C - with a split nozzle. The scale is common for all handpieces

10. Iron akinaki (7, 2), bronze (3) and iron (4) mints. Burial grounds of Suglug-Khem-1 (7, 4), Hayyrakan (2) and Suglug-Khem-2 (3).

it consists of three items - a mirror, a comb, a knife or its ritual substitute-an awl or needle. Here we are dealing with a female triad, similar to the male triad described above, related to weapons. Mirrors are the most common items of women's clothing, and for some reason they were never stolen during grave robbing. Two types of mirrors were found during excavations of the Suglug-Khem-1 and -2 burial grounds:

the first one is medal-shaped. There are three possible options: 1) with a side handle in which there are holes of various configurations (fig. 11, 16); 2) with a side handle in the form of an animal figure or without decoration (smooth, but with a loop on the back side) (Fig. 11, 77); 3) the side handle is lost, broken off, instead of it two, less often three holes were drilled for wearing on the belt (fig. 11, 18);

the second one is a disk - shaped one with a loop on the back side. This is a relic of an earlier time (Figs. 11, 15).

Knives are bronze and iron, plate-shaped, with a non-separated handle, in which there are holes of various shapes for hanging to the belt. Animal style elements are usually absent (Fig. 11, 1-4).

Awls are usually made of iron, with the phalanx of the ram's finger as a handle (Fig. 11, 12), and there are also bronze ones (Fig. 11, 6).

The combs are represented by two identical samples with wooden teeth fixed in a round or flat handle, which is wrapped with tendons. One was found in log cabin 14 of the Suglug-Khem-1 burial ground, and the other was found in kur-1 of the Ozen-Ala-Belig burial ground. Probably, the women's headset also includes long iron hairpins with a spherical design.

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11. Knives (1-4), awls (6, 11, 12), hairpins (7-10), quiver hooks (5, 13, 14), mirrors (15-18). Suglug-Khem burial grounds-1 (1 - 11, 13, 16 - 18), Loam-Hem-2 (12, 14, 15). 1, 2, 6, 8, 13 - 18 - bronze; 3 - 5, 7, 9 - 12 - iron.

pommels, recorded in almost all log cabins of Loam-Khem. Some of them were U-shaped and used to attach a high pointed birch bark cap to a high hairstyle (Figs. 11, 7-10). In the burials there are hats and their decay, you can only guess about the hairstyles. Often there are earrings made of bronze wire, twisted in one and a half turns. Some of these shaped earrings were made of gold wire. Both men's and women's burials have various bronze and iron belt hooks for hanging weapons and other items (Fig. 11, 5, 13, 14), as well as various types of vorvorki.

The men's costume is reconstructed based on the materials of the undisturbed burials of Scythian nobles in log cabins 26 and 29 of the Suglug-Khem-1 burial ground. The warrior's burial suit from Log house 26 was decorated with more than a hundred gold stripes and cowry shells wrapped in gold foil. The skull was encircled by a cloth tiara with 23 golden eagle figures, 22 of which were sewn in two rows. In the center was a "cockade" measuring 90 × 50 mm. On the neck vertebrae lay an iron hryvnia, clad with gold foil. The sides of the jacket were decorated with plaques in the form of 16 scratching panthers, the belt - large gold plates with the image of lion heads and 20 cowrie shells. The shoes were covered with geometric shapes made of gold and gold ribbons.

12. Plan of burial in log house 26 at the Suglug-Khem-1 burial ground (1); reconstruction of the warrior's costume buried in the log house (2); bas - relief from Khalchian (Bactria; 3); gold ornaments from the log house (4-11).

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Figure 13. Belt headsets. Suglug-Khem burial grounds-1 (1, 2, 5, 6, 8 - 13), Hayyrakan (3, 4) and Suglug-Khem-2 (7, 9, 14 - 18).

1-14, 16-bronze; 75-iron; 1 7, 18-bone.

On the belt hung a chekan and akinak made of iron (Semenov, 1998, pp. 160-163, fig. 12] (fig. 12). Belt sets are extremely interesting, including various kinds of bronze buckles with a fixed peg, five-ring plaques for pulling thin leather straps, iron clip buckles, various decorated bone buckles, bells, crutches and spoon-shaped pendants made of bronze and bone, many of which find analogues both in the Xiongnu culture and in the Wusun burial complexes Semirechye (fig. 13).

In more detail, we should focus on one subject that represents, perhaps, Wusun art. This is an anthropomorphic belt plate measuring 15x3. 5 cm (Fig. 14). The plate has holes around the perimeter, most likely for attaching to some kind of base, most likely to the belt. It is carved with an image of a woman with a triangular face and a high rounded forehead; her breasts are emphasized, her arms are crossed over her stomach. The Christmas tree ornament covers the lower part of the plate, the legs are not shown. This monument of nomadic art still has no analogues in either the Scythian or Hunnic traditions.

In conclusion, we should mention the possible migration routes of Saglynians/Usuns from the Upper Yenisei basin to the Central Asian Semirechye. Probably, they passed through the territory of the Sayano-Altai, Irtysh below the lake. Zaisan, where they left traces of their presence in the monuments of Kulazhurgin culture [Samashev, 1987, p. 95-104].

14. Bone anthropomorphic buckle. Loam-Hem-1, log house 29.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 07.10.09.

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