UDC 572

E. Z. Godina 1, N. M. Islamova 2, I. A. Khomyakova 1, L. V. Zadorozhnaya 1

1 Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of Lomonosov Moscow State University ul. 11 Mokhovaya Street, Moscow, 125009, Russia

E-mail: godina@antropos.msu.ru

2 Kama State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism 21 Batenchuk St., Naberezhnye Chelny, 423807, Russia

E-mail: nmi1964@yandex.ru

The article analyzes the materials of the survey conducted in 2005-2006. surveys of children and adolescents in Naberezhnye Chelny. A total of 1,387 people aged 8-17 years (708 girls and 679 boys) were studied. The respondents were divided into three groups: 1) Tatars (29.9 % of girls and 32.3 % of boys); 2) Russians (37.7% and 37.9%, respectively); 3) children from mixed (Russian-Tatar) marriages (30.1% and 27.4%). The survey program included 40 measurement and descriptive features. The age of menarche was determined by the status quo method, the type of constitution according to the Shtefko-Ostrovsky scheme, and the stages of development of secondary sexual characteristics. In terms of body length in most age categories, Russians are ahead, and Mestizos are ahead in terms of body weight. In terms of puberty, Russians are ahead of children from the other two groups.

Keywords: auxology, growth and development processes, ethnoterritorial features, socio-economic factors, morphofunctional indicators, puberty.

Introduction

The influence of race on the processes of human growth and development is one of the components of a wide range of issues related to the impact of genetic and environmental factors on these processes, and the assessment of their relative contribution to the variability of most morphofunctional characteristics. Despite the fact that there is a fairly extensive auxological literature describing the specifics of somatic development and puberty in children and adolescents of various ethno-territorial groups (see, for example, the classical summary, which includes over 800 bibliographic names :Eveleth and Tanner, 1990), a direct comparison of the features of growth processes even in representatives of the so-called large races it seems very difficult, since such comparisons are correct under similar geographical living conditions and the same socio-economic affiliation of the compared groups. However, this requirement is far from always feasible, and the materials accumulated so far concerning various characteristics of growth and development processes give a very contradictory picture.

In connection with the above, we conducted a survey of children and adolescents of Naberezhnye Chelny belonging to various ethnic and social groups in order to analyze the intra-group and inter-group variability of morphofunctional indicators formed under the influence of environmental factors over the past decades. Previously, many anthropologists studied the physical development of children and adolescents in the Republic of Tatarstan (for a detailed review, see Islamova, 2008). However, the studies were episodic in nature, mainly evaluated by the length of

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project N 07 - 06 - 00410-a.

page 146
and body weight, less often-chest circumference and some physiological parameters. Other dimensions, as well as indicators of biological age, fat deposition, and distribution of constitution types were practically not described. The peculiarities of physical development of children of mestizo origin were not considered. The diversity of the ethnic composition of the population of Naberezhnye Chelny, the presence of mixed marriages, a fairly high percentage of migrants, the peculiarity of living conditions and the environment that affect the state of health and physical development of the body, indicate the importance of such studies. The presented material allows us to better understand the specifics of ethnogenetic processes in the studied population groups of the modern Volga region.

Materials and methods

The paper presents the results of a survey of school-age children in Naberezhnye Chelny conducted in 2005-2006. Naberezhnye Chelny is one of the oldest settlements in the Republic of Tatarstan (founded in 1650, has city status since 1930), located in the north-eastern part on the left bank of the Kama River. Before the construction of KAMAZ started in 1969, it was a small town with no industrial enterprises. Currently, Naberezhnye Chelny is a typical young city, the second largest in the republic, with a fairly high level of industrialization. Its population was formed in recent decades due to migration caused by the construction of the largest industrial complex KamAZ. Among the parents of the children surveyed, only 22% of fathers and 25% of mothers are indigenous.

The total number of children and adolescents surveyed was 1,387 (708 girls and 679 boys). They were divided into three groups: 1) Tatars (29.9 % of girls and 32.3 % of boys); 2) Russians (37.7% and 37.9%, respectively); 3) children from mixed (Russian-Tatar) marriages, hereinafter referred to as "mestizos" (30.1% and 27.4%). Children of other ethnic groups are excluded from the analysis due to the small number of samples. Mestizos were divided into two subgroups. The first category includes children with a Russian father and a Tatar mother (53.2 % of girls and boys of Russian-Tatar origin); the second category includes those with a Tatar father and a Russian mother (46.8 %).

The material was collected according to a broad anthropological program, including anthropometric, anthroposcopic, and functional features. All measurements and surveys were carried out according to the methodology adopted by the Research Institute of Anthropology of Moscow State University (Bunak, 1941). The body mass index (BMI) was calculated: BMI = P/L2, where P is the mass (kg), L is the body length (m).

The body type was determined according to the scheme of V. G. Shtefko and A. D. Ostrovsky [1929]. This scheme, which is widely used by Russian auxologists, involves the identification of both basic (in the authors ' terminology, "pure") and intermediate and indeterminate somatotypes. The main ones are asthenoid, thoracic, muscular, digestive and abdominal (the latter is currently practically not found and is a product of the socio-economic situation in Russia in the late 1920s - the time when the scheme was created: children with reduced physical development and fat deposition, with swollen, "potato" stomachs).

To determine the stages of development of secondary sexual characteristics, the method of V. S. Solovyova was used [1966]. The average age of menstrual onset (Me) and breast development (Ma) in girls, pubic hair (P) and axillary hair (Ax) in girls and boys, adam's apple development (L), facial hair (F), and voice mutation (V) in boys were calculated.

Functional features were evaluated. Blood pressure (BP, mm Hg) - systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) - was measured using a N. S. Korotkov tonometer on the right arm in a sitting position, after a 10-minute rest; heart rate (HR, bpm) at rest. Hand dynamometers DRP - 30 (for younger students) and DRP - 60 (for older students) were used to measure the compression force of the hand (Flk-on the left and Fpc-on the right hand, kg). Vital lung capacity (VEL, ml) was determined using a portable spirometer (three-time measurement with the choice of the maximum). Dynamometry and spirometry were used to calculate the ratios of VEL/MT (vital index) and F/MT (strength index), where MT is body weight.

To get a more complete and comprehensive picture of the socio-economic status of the families of the surveyed children, a survey of parents was conducted. The questionnaire filled out for each child before the measurement included questions about the nationality, level of education, profession, place of birth of the mother and father, the number of children in the family, material security, for the assessment of which the family's living conditions were taken into account: the presence of a separate apartment, a room in a small-family / communal apartment or in a hostel, the well-being of everyday life (availability of modern household appliances); availability of suburban areas and cars. The data obtained were divided into categories that were assigned a certain score.

Primary processing of materials was carried out by gender and age groups at annual intervals

page 147
Russians, Tatars, and children of mestizo origin. For each of them (66 in total), the arithmetic mean standard deviation (s) and coefficient of variation (V,%) were calculated for the studied parameters. Growth curves of age-related changes in a number of morphological and functional traits, calculated indicators, and indices were plotted in girls and boys of Russian, Tatar, and Mestizo origin. Due to the uneven occupancy of some gender and age groups, it is not possible to consider age-related changes in mestizos depending on the nationality of their parents. The terms of puberty were estimated by the average age of occurrence of secondary sexual characteristics, which was determined by the graphical method [Ibid.].

To compare populations regardless of age, a rationing procedure was performed within each gender and age group. This procedure allows you to express the absolute value of a feature in fractions of the standard (root-mean-square) deviation from the average value (for the corresponding gender and age). This makes it possible to combine different age groups and avoid the difficulties associated with the small number of subgroups formed within each gender and age group on any socio-economic or ethnic basis. Further analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was performed, followed by multiple comparisons using the Scheffe method. When studying the epochal variability of morphofunctional indicators, the significance of differences was assessed using the Student's t-test.

All calculations were performed using the Statistica-6.0 software package.

Comparative analysis of morphofunctional parameters in three examined groups

Morphological features. Figure 1 clearly shows that the growth curve of the body length of Tatar girls is lower than the other two. The tallest representatives of the analyzed samples are Russians. Differences in the indicator within the age groups of girls in the studied populations are unreliable and have the character of a trend. The growth curves of boys ' body lengths are more closely spaced, but in the same order. It is only at the age of 12 that this indicator is highest among Tatars, which is probably related to what is happening during this period (11-12 years). a growth spurt. Significant differences in body length (p < 0.05) were observed only at 12 and 17 years of age between Russian and Tatar boys, and at 14 years of age between Mestizos and Tatars.

Before the age of 14, the dynamics of girls ' body weight has the same direction as their length (Figure 2). After this age, this indicator is higher in the group of mestizo origin. In boys from 8 to 11 and after 15 years of age, the body weight is higher in mestizos, while in other age periods the values of this trait are very close. In Tatars, this indicator is slightly higher than in Russians, only in 11-12 years.

Having carried out the procedure of rationing within gender and age groups, we performed a variance analysis using the Scheffe criterion to assess the reliability of intergroup differences in a number of characteristics (Table 1). The values of body length in Russian children are significantly higher than in Tatar children, and slightly differ from those in Mestizos. In terms of body weight, Tatars are also inferior to representatives of the other two groups. Significant differences in indicators-

Figure 1. Age dynamics of body length in children of different ethnic groups( a -Tatars; b-Russians; c-Mestizos).

page 148

2. Age dynamics of body weight of children of different ethnic groups.

See Figure 1 for additional information.

Table 1. Significance of differences in indicators in children of the studied groups

Indicator

Russian-Tatars

Half-breed Tatars

Mestizo Russians

p

N

p

N

p

N

Girls

Body length

0,001319

479

0,177390

335

0,514218

390

Body weight

0,025806

479

0,445238

335

0,627402

390

Hip circumference

0,033799

401

0,892124

303

0,245501

332

Lower leg circumference

0,043936

401

0,648362

303

0,530009

332

Body length

0,000403

401

0,094027

303

0,567939

332

Yellow (abs.)

0,002387

401

0,036300

303

0,968093

332

Boys

Body length

0,036447

477

0,094760

324

0,983581

363

Body weight

0,163617

477

0,031715

324

0,493405

363

Fat folds

under the shoulder blade

0,173781

386

0,027773

290

0,470863

299

shoulder area

0,0750088

386

0,008463

290

0,415212

299

forearms

0,236929

386

0,017419

290

0,306716

299

Leg Length

0,019865

386

0,146716

290

0,970340

299

Fpc/MT

0,074523

386

0,005275

290

0,337752

299

Flk/MT

0,059617

386

0,002617

290

0,272878

299

Body length/Leg length

0,003335

386

0,252882

290

0,597298

299

Differences are found in girls between Russian and Tatar women, and in boys between Tatars and Mestizos (Table 1). Despite these differences, the body mass index (BMI) is quite similar in girls and significantly higher in boys of mestizo origin.

The results of the variance analysis of the longitudinal body sizes showed that the leg length significantly differs between Russian and Tatar boys - the first ones are longer-legged. In terms of body length, Russian girls are superior to Tatar girls, while there are no significant differences in boys (Table 1). Variance analysis of the transverse dimensions of the body also revealed some specifics. Russian schoolgirls and Mestizo girls outnumber their Tatar peers in terms of shoulder width and pelvis in almost all ages (not always reliably). No differences in these characteristics were found in boys.

page 149

3. Results of the variance analysis of VEL indicators in children of different ethnic groups: a-absolute values; b-vital index.

By the girth of the body, although indirectly, it is possible to judge the fatness of children and the development of their muscles. Variance analysis of the values of these traits showed significantly larger values of hip and shin girths in Russian girls compared to Tatar girls (Table 1). The greatest number of significant differences in both girls and boys is revealed by the thickness of skin-fat folds. Most often, lower values are observed in Tatar children. The results of the analysis of variance showed that Tatar boys and Mestizos significantly differ in the thickness of the folds under the shoulder blade, above the biceps, and on the forearm (Table 1).

The most informative characteristics of children's physique are the ratios of leg length and body length, shoulder width and body length, pelvic width and body length, as well as the chest index. In general, the analysis of body proportions suggests that Tatar boys are characterized by relatively short legs and broad shoulders. Tatar women and girls of mestizo origin also have a relatively broader physique. According to the ratio of sagittal and transverse diameters of the chest, it can be concluded that Tatars and Mestizos, in comparison with Russians, have a certain flatness of the chest.

Functional features. Variance analysis of normalized values of vital lung capacity (VL) revealed that this indicator is significantly lower in Tatar girls, but when comparing the vital index (VL/MT), the differences are smoothed out. The values of VEL in Russian boys and Mestizos are quite close to each other and higher than in Tatars. The highest values of the life index are observed in Russian schoolchildren (Fig. 3).

The values of the hand compression force (F) in girls are quite close, and in most age groups of boys they are higher in Tatars. Variance analysis of the values of the strength index (F/MT) revealed some superiority of Tatar children in this indicator, although significant differences are noted only between boys of mestizo origin and Tatars (Fig. 4, Table 1).

Studies have shown that boys have a slightly higher heart rate than girls. With increasing age, it decreases in all children. Analysis of normalized values.

4. Results of the variance analysis of the strength index (F/MT) values in children of different ethnic groups.

a - left hand; b - right.

page 150

5. Distribution of normalized values of morphological indicators in groups of children and adolescents of mestizo origin.

1 - body length; 2 - body weight; 3 - chest circumference; 4-shoulder width; 5-pelvic width; 6-sagittal diameter of the chest; 7-transverse diameter of the chest; 8-body mass index; 9-average fat fold on the trunk; 10-average fat fold on the limbs. a, b - boys who have a father: a-Russian, b-Tatar; c, d - girls with a father: c-Russian, g-Tatar.

The analysis of this parameter revealed lower values in boys of mestizo origin and no differences in girls.

According to the level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the studied groups are similar. Statistically significant differences were noted at older ages in girls and at 12 years in boys, but they are random in nature.

Characteristics of children of mestizo (Russian-Tatar) origin. Analysis of normalized values of morphological traits revealed that boys with a Russian father and a Tatar mother (subgroup 1) have smaller values of most body sizes, except for its length (Fig. 5), i.e., just like Russians, they are more dolichomorphic. Absolute values of morphological features (except for body length) and indices calculated from them in Mestizos whose fathers are Tatars (2nd subgroup) generally exceed similar parameters in the Russian and Tatar samples. In terms of the ratio of body length to leg length, representatives of this subgroup are close to Tatar boys.

In girls whose fathers are Russian and mothers are Tatar, most of the morphological indicators studied turned out to be lower (Figure 5). When comparing the calculated indices, it was found that representatives of this subgroup are relatively broader-shouldered, have a higher body mass index value, and girls whose father is Tatar and mother is Russian are characterized by a flatter chest cage and longer body length.

According to functional characteristics, no significant differences were found between the selected groups of children of mestizo origin. Only the values of the vital capacity of the lungs and the force of compression of the hands in boys differ slightly.

Features of the distribution of constitutional types in different ethnic groups. As can be seen from Table 2, the studied groups generally do not differ from each other in the frequency of occurrence of individual constitutional types: in boys, muscle type prevails, in girls - thoracic type. In all three ethnic groups, the frequency of occurrence of the asthenoid type is quite high.

Features of the puberty process. Analysis of the data obtained by us shows that for the surveyed schoolchildren in Naberezhnye Chelny

Frequency of occurrence of the main types of constitution in children and adolescents of the studied groups (total for all ages), Table 2. %

Type of constitution

Tatars

Russians

Mestizos

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Girls

Boys

Muscular

28,0

57,0

20,5

53,0

27,0

54,0

Digestive

9,1

3,2

8,8

7,6

10,8

8,6

Thoracic

44,1

26,3

51,6

26,8

42,7

24,5

Asthenoid

15,6

10,2

14,4

10,6

13,5

11,0

Undefined

3,2

3,2

4,7

2,0

6,0

1,8

page 151
Table 3. Average age of occurrence of secondary sexual characteristics in girls different ethnic groups

Group

Breast development, Ma

Hair Appearance

First menstruation, Me

on the pubic area, P

in the armpits, Ax

Tatars

9 years 8 months.

11 years 6 months.

12 years 3 months.

13 years 3 months.

Russians

9 years and 10 months.

11 years 3 months.

12 years 3.5 months.

12 years 10 months.

Mestizos

10 years 2 months.

11 years and 1.5 months.

12 years 2 months.

13 years 0.5 months.

Russian (Moscow)

10 years 2 months.

11 years 6 months.

11 years 7 months.

13 years 0.5 months.

See Table 4. Average age of occurrence of secondary sexual characteristics in boys different ethnic groups

Group

Adam's apple development, L

Hair Appearance

Voice mutation, V

on the pubic area, P

in the armpits, Ax

on the face, F

Tatars

14 years

13 years old

14 years

14 years 5 months.

13 years 6 months.

Russians

13 years 11 months.

12 years 9 months.

"

14 years 9 months.

13 years 6 months.

Mestizos

13 years 8 months.

13 years old

"

14 years 6 months.

13 years 7.5 months.

Russian (Moscow)

13 years 6 months.

12 years 6 months.

13 years 7 months.

14 years 2 months.

13 years 4 months.

the usual sequence of appearance of secondary sexual characteristics is characteristic. By the age of 13-14, almost all girls are at the stage of completing puberty. The order of appearance of secondary sexual characteristics in the examined boys is also typical: the growth of pubic hair and in the armpits, the development of the adam's apple, the appearance of a mustache.

According to one of the main markers of puberty in girls - menarche age (Me) - Russians are ahead of Tatar women by 5 months, and Mestizos-by 2.5 months (Table 3). The development of mammary glands in Tatar girls begins earlier than in Russian and Mestizos by 2 and 6 months, respectively. The average age of pubic hair appearance is the lowest in girls of mestizo origin, the highest in Tatar girls. Armpit hair growth in the three groups studied varies within one to two months.

In boys, the voice mutation occurs at approximately the same time in all groups. Pubic hair in Russian boys appears 3 months earlier than in Tatars and Mestizos. The average age of axillary hair loss in all ethnic groups is 14 years. The development of facial hair in Tatars and Mestizos occurs approximately at the same time and somewhat earlier than in Russians (Table 4).

Discussion of the results

In general, analyzing the anthropometric parameters, we can conclude that Tatar boys are characterized by smaller body sizes, as well as relative short-legged and broad-shouldered. This brachymorphic body type distinguishes the Volga region ethnic groups from the Russians (Godina et al., 2006). Tatar women and girls of mestizo origin are also characterized by a relatively broader build and smaller body length and weight than those of Russians. Thus, on the scale of the groups under consideration, it was found that Tatar children have the smallest body size in combination with brachymorphy, Russian children have the largest body size in combination with dolichomorphy, and children of mestizo origin occupy an intermediate position in most characteristics.

The vital indices (VEL/MT) in girls from the three groups studied are the same, while in boys the greatest in Russians, despite the significantly smaller body size in Tatars. Probably, this reflects the relative flatness of the chest in Tatar boys, revealed when comparing the values of the chest index.

The compression force of both hands in all samples is higher in boys. There were no differences in this indicator between ethnic groups, but probably due to the significantly lower body weight of Tatars, the values of the strength index (F/MT)are the largest.

There were no differences in heart rate and blood pressure levels. In all groups, the first indicator decreases with age, and the second increases.

Boys with a Russian father and a Tatar mother are more dolichomorphic. Mestizos of the 2nd subgroup (father ta-

page 152
tarin, Russian mother) have a wider addition, absolute values of morphological features (except for body length) they mostly exceed similar parameters in children of Russian and even Tatar samples. In terms of the ratio of body length to leg length, representatives of this subgroup are close to Tatar boys.

In girls whose mothers are Tatar and whose fathers are Russian, most of the morphological parameters studied were relatively lower. They are relatively more broad-shouldered, but have a higher body mass index value. Mestizos of the 2nd subgroup (where the mother is Russian) have a flatter chest and a longer body length, which, according to our data, is more typical for Tatars.

Thus, girls of mestizo origin are closer to one of the original parental groups (most often to the maternal one), while mestizo boys develop almost completely in the tendencies of the ethnic group to which their fathers belong. Interestingly, the greatest similarity with Tatar children is noted in girls of Mestizo origin, whose mothers are Tatar, and boys of Mestizo origin, whose fathers are Tatar.

There were no significant functional differences in children of mestizo origin. It can only be noted that the vital capacity of the lungs and the compression force of the hands slightly differ in the boys of the two subgroups.

According to the most significant feature of puberty of girls - the age of menarche (Me) - the groups are arranged as follows: Russian (earliest), Mestizo (middle), Tatar (late). Data on boys ' puberty rates are more controversial: only in terms of the age at which pubic hair begins, Russian boys are ahead of Mestizos and Tatars, and in some other signs, Tatars are ahead. It can be assumed that puberty of Tatar boys occurs in a somewhat shorter time frame.

In terms of the frequency of occurrence of individual constitutional types, no differences were found between ethnic groups. For girls, the most characteristic type is thoracic, for boys - muscular (see Table 2). In Tatars, especially in girls, the percentage of muscle type occurrence is slightly higher, which is consistent with the data on hand dynamometry (see Figure 4). Children of digestive physique in all samples ranged from 3 to 11%. This can be considered a rather low indicator against the background of the global trend towards the development of obesity in children. The rather high frequency of occurrence of the asthenoid type of constitution in boys and girls in all three ethnic groups surveyed can be interpreted as a manifestation of the trends already noted in the literature towards a deterioration in the physical condition of modern urban adolescents [Sukhanova, 1996; Kuchma, 1999; Yampolskaya, 2000; Godina, 2001].

Analysis of the complex of socio-demographic and economic characteristics of the families of the surveyed children showed that in the studied groups there is a certain dependence of the child's body size on the level of education of parents and income. For residents of almost all countries of the world, the following pattern was revealed: children from more affluent families, compared with low-income ones, are taller and heavier, but the scale of differences varies greatly and depends both on the choice of criteria underlying social stratification and on the actual living conditions in the populations under consideration. As a rule, there are-

6. Distribution of normalized values of morphological features in girls and boys depending on the level of education of both parents.

DT - body length; MT - body weight; SHP-shoulder width; PCS - pelvic width; girths: OGr - chest, OPl-shoulder, OPrpl-forearm, OB-thigh, OG-lower leg; fat folds: ZHSSP - on the back under the shoulder blade, ZHSSP - on the shoulder above the biceps, ZHSSP-on the forearm, ZHSB-on the thigh, ZHSH-on the lower leg. Education of parents; a-secondary school education; b-specialized secondary education; c - higher education.

page 153
There is a direct relationship between the level of education of parents and the economic status of the family, and an inverse relationship between the level of education and the number of children (see review: Godina and Miklashevskaya, 1989).

Since the families of the surveyed children practically do not differ in all the considered social, economic and demographic characteristics, we considered it possible to present the results of the analysis for generalized groups, the criterion for distinguishing which was the education of both parents: 1) secondary school education; 2) specialized secondary education; 3) higher education. As can be seen from Figure 6, the sons of parents with higher education almost in all parameters outperform the boys from the other two groups. The girls showed a clear lag in the representatives of the 1st group (parents with school education) in all the main morphological features, with the exception of fat folds. Many researchers, including L. V. Zadorozhnaya [1998], have reported an increase in fat deposition rates in girls of lower social status. As for the impact of income level and the number of children in a family, the results reflect the classical trend. The analysis of variance showed that in the studied ethnoterritorial groups, there are no significant differences in the complex of socio-demographic parameters in girls and in most indicators in boys.

Conclusions

As a result of the analysis of the intergroup variability of morphofunctional indicators in children and adolescents of the three studied groups, we can conclude the following:

1. Tatar children of both sexes are characterized by slightly lower absolute values of most morphological indicators, although not all age groups differ significantly. The analysis of variance showed significant differences in body length in Russian and Tatar children of both sexes; in body length, some girth sizes and body weight in girls of the same groups; in the size of skin-fat folds of the upper limb and body weight in Tatars and Mestizo boys. In terms of body proportions (W/DT, PCS/DT), Tatar girls are relatively more broad-shouldered and have a larger pelvic width, while boys are characterized only by a relatively large shoulder width.

2. Children of mestizo origin are closer to one of the original parent groups by various characteristics. Mestizos with a Russian father and a Tatar mother are close to Tatar girls in terms of morphological features. In the samples of children whose fathers are Tatars and whose mothers are Russians, some of the indicators studied were similar, and in some cases exceeded those of Russians. Boys of this subgroup are most similar in body size (excluding length) to Tatars.

3. The revealed morphological features, in our opinion, are mostly determined by ethnogenetic factors, since there are no significant differences in the geographical living conditions and socio-economic affiliation of the compared groups.

List of literature

Bunak V. V. Antropometriya [Anthropometry], Moscow: Uchpedgiz Publ., 1941, 367 p.

Godina E. Z. Dinamika protsessov rosta i razvitiya u cheloveka: prostranstvenno-vremennye aspekty [Dynamics of human growth and development processes: Spatial and temporal aspects]. Moscow, 2001, 383 p. (in Russian)

Godina E. Z., Zadorozhnaya L. V., Khomyakova N. A., Purunjan A. L., Stepanova A.V. Osobennosti somaticheskogo razvitiya detei i podrostkov v usloviyakh yodnogo deficita (po materialam obsledovaniya naseleniya Saratovskaya oblasti) [Features of somatic development of children and adolescents in the conditions of iodine deficiency (based on the materials of the population survey of the Saratov region)].: GEOTAR-Media Publishing House, 2006, vol. 1, pp. 181-231.

Godina E. Z., Miklashevskaya N. N. Ekologiya i rost: vliyanie faktorov okruzhayushchey sredy na protsessy rosta i polovogo mater'aniia cheloveka [Ecology and growth: the influence of environmental factors on the processes of human growth and sexual maturation]. - P. 77-134. - (Itoginauki i tekhniki. Ser. Anthropology; vol. 3).

Zadorozhnaya L. V. Influence of socio-economic factors on morpho-functional characteristics of children and adolescents: Dis. ... cand. biol. nauk, Moscow, 1998, 101 p. (in Russian)

Islamova I. M. Morfo-funktsional'nye osobennosti detei i podrostkov g. Naberezhnye Chelny v svyazi s etnicheskoy otlichnost'yu i vliyanie faktorov okruzhayushchey sredy [Morpho-functional features of children and adolescents in Naberezhnye Chelny in connection with ethnicity and the influence of environmental factors]. biol. Moscow, 2008, 24 p. (in Russian)

Kuchma V. R. Nekotorye osobennosti fizicheskogo razvitiya detei i podrostkov na sovremennom etape [Some features of physical development of children and adolescents at the present stage].

Solov'eva V. S. Morphological features of adolescents during puberty (in ethno-territorial context): dis. ... cand. biol. nauk, Moscow, 1966, 176 p.

Sukhanova N. N. Fizicheskoe razvitie detei i podrostkov k kontsey XX veka; svyaz s biologicheskimi i sotsial'no-ekonomicheskimi faktorami [Physical development of children and adolescents by the end of the XX century; connection with biological and socio-economic factors].

Shtefko V. G., Ostrovsky A.D. The scheme of clinical diagnostics of constitutional types. - M.; L.: Biomedgiz, 1929. -79 p.

Yampolskaya Yu. A. Fizicheskoe razvitie shkolnikov - zhiteley krupnogo megalopolisa v poslednih dekady: sostoyanie, tendentsii, prognoz, metodika skryning-otsenki [Physical development of schoolchildren-residents of a large megapolis in recent decades: state, trends, forecast, screening assessment methodology]. Moscow, 2000, 76 p. (in Russian)

Tanner J.M. Eveleth Ph.B., Worldwide Variation in Human Growth. - 2nd Ed. - Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990. -397 p.

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 01.06.08.

page 154

Permanent link to this publication: