WILL ENTER. ARTICLE, TRANSLATED FROM POLISH. AND COMM. S. L. KUZMIN, L. Yu. REITA

Ferdinand Anthony (Anthony Ferdinand, Anton Martynovich) Ossendowski (1876-1945) was a famous Polish writer, chemist, geologist, traveler and adventurer. He was born in the Russian Empire, where he was educated as a chemist, traveled and became interested in literary creativity. In 1901, he taught at the Tomsk State University. Later, he worked in Harbin, traveled to the Far East, took part in the revolutionary movement, and even went to prison. After the October Revolution of 1917, he lived in Omsk, where he became head of the information department under A. V. Kolchak. After the defeat of Kolchak, he decided to make his way through Tuva and Mongolia to China. Once in Mongolia, Professor Ossendovsky found himself in the midst of the events of the national liberation movement and the civil war of 1921. Here he met with Mongolian lamas and princes, commanders of white detachments, and even gained the confidence of Baron R. F. von Ungern-Sternberg, who liberated Autonomous Mongolia from Chinese invaders. The professor managed to get out of Mongolia and through Manchuria and Japan to reach the United States.

He described his observations and adventures in Mongolia in the fascinating book Animals, Men, and Gods, which was first published in New York (Ossendowski, 1923). The book immediately became a sensation: the public, warmed up by fragmentary information from the newspapers, received an exciting bestseller. In the following years, dozens of its publications were published in many languages with a circulation of hundreds of thousands of copies.

The Russian translation was one of the first [Ossendovsky, 1925], but the book remained little known in the USSR. Let us note an anonymous review in the magazine " Economy of Mongolia "[Economy of Mongolia, 1928, p.90] with a characteristic conclusion: the author "... knows perfectly well the tastes of the modern bourgeois, and he fully meets these tastes, usnachaya the book with a corresponding fiction with a mystical coloring." After the appearance of the novel "Lenin - the God of the Godless", Ossendovsky's books were kept in special storage for a long time. Only recently, after the publication of a new translation [Ossendovsky, 1994, 2005], the author gained fame in his homeland.

The book "Beasts, Men and Gods" caused a controversial reaction immediately after its release. Some saw it as a true description of events [Mikhalovsky, 2005, p. 301-463] and penetration into the mystical world of Asia [Roerich, 2001, p. 26-37; Guenon, 1993, p. 97-13], others - falsification and deception. The latter was supported by the fact that before the revolution Ossendovsky was engaged in the production of compromising forgeries, extorting money from large firms [Shishkin, 2005, pp. 5-22]. The famous traveler S. Gedin, as well as the anthropologist and ethnographer J. R. R. Tolkien. Montandon accused Ossendovsky of geographical and ethnographic inaccuracies [Mikhalovsky, 2005, pp. 301-463]. Hedin, after reading the German translation of the book [Ossendowski, 1924], even wrote a special work "Ossendowski and the Truth" [Hedin, 1925], to which Ossendowski responded with a separate publication. References to fictions, misrepresentations of facts and chronology also appeared later , including from those with whom Ossendovsky met in Mongolia (Golubev, 1926; S.E. Khitun and M. G. Tornovsky-see Kuzmin, 2004(1), (2)].

But Ossendowski's book is often regarded as one of the main sources for the activities of Baron Ungern and the Mongolian history of 1921. It was used not only by historians, but also by theosophists and occultists (Guenon, 1993, pp. 97-133), including those from the Thule Society, the Holy Synod, and others.-

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It was used to incite inter-religious hatred between Orthodox and Buddhists (Kuraev, 1997).

How reasonable is all this? What is true and what is not in Ossendowski's book? The documents and materials on the history of Mongolia in 1921 published earlier allow us to answer these questions [Kuzmin, 2004(1), (2)], as well as archival materials of the AWPRF, GARF, RGVA (Moscow) and Hoover Institution (Stanford, USA). There is also a handwritten report published by V. Mikhalovsky [Mikhalovsky, 2005, pp. 301-463] by Ossendovsky with a brief description of events and dates (see below: "Report"). Finally, these are the unpublished manuscripts of Ossendowski from the Museum of Literature (Warsaw) in Polish with fragments in Russian and English: Notatnik: Muzeum Literatury, Warszawa, N 4210 (hereinafter - "Notatnik") and Raport F. A. Ossendowskego o sytuacji politycznej w Mongolii w okresie III-IV 1921. Muzeum Literatury, Warszawa, N 4211 (далее - "Raport").

"Notatnik" contains brief pencil sketches of the main places and events of the trip with later inserts (notes before 1924 about travel in Asia, the United States and other countries). It was acquired by the museum in 1992 from a certain I. Bleshinska. V. Mikhalovsky considers it Ossendovsky's diary. Indeed, "Notatnik" looks like a diary: it is written in pencil and ink of different colors, it is clear that at different times. First there are notes on the population of Uriankhai (now Tuva), gold mines, prices for sable skins, etc., a list of uprisings against the Soviets from 1917 to 1921, distances between travel points. After Mongolia, there are notes in English (probably for American newspapers), then-the number of people in the White troops. Apparently, the author made sketches on the way from memory, without dates, but in chronological order. It is broken in some places, and later inserts are possible. There are notes about exports and imports from Mongolia, the cost of delivering letters from Shanghai to Mongolia, and plans for future books, plays, and films (about Kolchak, Siberia, and Mongolia). On page 12, brief information about Ungern's death is given (from the newspapers?), which Ossendowski sees as a reason for the fact that Japan did not support the baron's campaign to Siberia, and instead began negotiations with the Far Eastern Republic (Far East).

In Beasts, Men, and Gods and the Report, Ossendowski says that he asked Ungern's permission to describe what he saw and heard. In response, the baron wrote in a notebook with travel notes: "Only after my death. Baron Ungern." But there is no such entry in Notatnik.

"Raport" is more detailed. It is written in an analytical way, contains a number of hitherto unknown data - in particular, the text of the agreement on the conditions for the withdrawal of the Chinese from the Mongolian city of Uliassutai. Translated into Russian, this is the first time we have published fragments of the parts of Notatnik and Raport that relate to Mongolia.

Their publication presupposes a review of the book "Animals, People and Gods" (Ossendovsky, 1925, 1994, 2005), in which we would like to focus only on what does not stand up to verification. In the Russian translations of the book, many names and titles are distorted: Domoirov (must be Domozhirov), Vandalov (=Vandanov), Sepailov (=Sipaylo), Jam Bolon (=Zhambolon), Yakhantsi (=Jalkhantsa-hutukhta), Yassaktu Khan (=Tsasaktu Khan), Paspa (=Pagba), Cheghyun (=gegen), Hong Boldon (=Baldan-gong), Hongtu (=Hentei), etc.

The book "Beasts, Men and Gods" is divided into 49 chapters, combined into five parts.

Part 1 "Playing with death" is mainly devoted to how the author made his way from Krasnoyarsk to Mongolia. Description of Siberia in general is realistic, but individual events (mostly adventures) they are not verifiable. The road is described only in general terms, fictionalized and adventurous. The given geographical names and route are consistent with the well-known map [Przhevalsky, 1888], and the description of the area corresponds well to what is contained in previously published books [Przhevalsky, 1875, 1883, 1888; Gedin, 1899]. The rest can be attributed to the stories of the Mongols and the author's literary talent.

The description of skirmishes with Tibetans who opened "hurricane fire", with heavy casualties on both sides , is an action film, and not real events. It is known that in skirmishes with small expeditions that had rifled weapons [Przhevalsky, 1888; Kozlov, 1947], the Tibetans after several shots from matchlocks suffered losses and retreated.

Ossendovsky's negotiations with the Tibetans through a Kalmyk interpreter, who told him that they considered the Bolsheviks liberators of the Asian peoples from the white race-at a time when even the Mongols almost did not know who the Bolsheviks were, are extremely dubious! Same from-

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it is worn to a ring, a kind of pass to Tibet, which was allegedly given to Ossendovsky by the Mongolian Lama Narabanchi-hutukhta.

It is noteworthy that "Notatnik" says: "Yenisei-Tibet", without mentioning Mongolia. There are no Tibetan words in "Notatnik", while there are many details about your stay in Mongolia. It is noteworthy that, telling in detail N. M. Ribot1 Ossendovsky did not even mention the attempt to enter Tibet [Kuzmin, 2004(1), p. 495]. A.V. Burdukov2 [Burdukov, 1969] recalled that the professor came to the town of Uliassutai from Tuva, and not from Tibet.

It remains to conclude that Ossendowski's well-known campaign in Tibet is a fiction.

Part 2 "In the Land of Demons" is dedicated to the author's stay in Western Mongolia. Here, the conflicts in Uliassutai related to the arrival of white troops, the departure of the Chinese, the struggle for power, etc. are described in detail. Notatnik and Raport have valuable information that is missing from the book "Beasts, Men and Gods".

In general, the description of the events of Uliassutai in the book corresponds to other sources (Noskov, 1930; Burdukov, 1969; Serebrennikov, 2003; Kuzmin, 2004(1)). Ossendowski everywhere assigns himself the role of a peacemaker. But eyewitnesses recalled that he plotted intrigues against the white leaders in Uliassutai (Noskov, 1930), which made him an adviser to Mikhailov, who took power (Burdukov, 1969).

Ossendovsky's descriptions of Mongolian nature are quite realistic, but there are also "hunting stories": riding a lark on a jerboa, tricks of an eagle, huge herds of kulans and wild horses, etc.

Some information doesn't stand up to verification. First of all, the author's meetings with the Tushegun Lama (Ja Lama). They are described in the book in the most general terms. The events described are not confirmed by other sources: eyewitnesses, in particular A.V. Burdukov [Burdukov, 1969], who knew the Jama Lama well, do not report anything like this. Apparently, Ossendovsky brought other people's stories in an embellished form.

Part 3 "The Echoing Heart of Asia" is devoted to Ossendovsky's communication with Baron Ungern, his stay in Dzain-Shabi (now Tsetserleg) and Urga. Comparison with other materials suggests that Ossendowski's information about Ungern is reliable. Baron Ungern attached great importance to his first impression of a person. No doubt he had come to trust Ossendowski. For example, in a letter dated May 20, 1921, to his agent in China, K. Gregory, he pointed out: "Believe in everything Professor this" [AWPRF, F. 0111, op. 2, p. 104, d. 47, l. 91-91 ob.]. By warming up the mystical mood in Ungern [Pershin, 1999], Ossendovsky strengthened this trust. Trusting relationships forced the author to be precise. Comparison with other memoirs and documents [Kuzmin, 2004(1), (2)] It shows that Ossendowski correctly conveyed Ungern's social and religious views. Ungern's plan for the creation of a pan-Asian empire is very accurately described-no doubt based on the baron's own stories: at that time there were no publications on this topic.

Accurately describes Ossendovsky and Usu of that time. According to "Raport", he spent nine days in it. A meeting in Dzain-Shabi with a young gegen3 who was dressed in the tunic of a Russian officer and fought with his entourage on the side of Kazagrandi, is consistent with Blokhin's recollections of Dzain-gegen [GARF, f. 5881, op. 2, d. 252].

Ossendovsky describes two places where the Whites fought with the Chinese in the valley of the Tola River. There he saw many corpses with traces of saber blows, carts, ammunition, etc. His information about the death of about 1,500 Chinese and the capture of another 4,000 is confirmed by archival data [RGVA, f. 39454, op. 1, d. 9, l. 27-28; Kuzmin, 2004(2); Belov, 2003]. These two battles with Chinese troops driven out of Urga by Baron Ungern and D. Suhe-Bator from Maimachen took place in March 1921 in the area of the modern village. Khadaasan and the Ulan-Khad Somon Lun range of the Central Aimag of Mongolia. Ossendovsky passed through there about two months after the fighting.

Ossendowski visited the radio station with Ungern and wrote that the baron had received many telegrams and dispatches from his agents in Chita, Irkutsk, Harbin, and Vladivostok. It should be noted that the baron had no intelligence, the agents sent reports only from China. The book contains many stories of Ungern, his Cossacks and others. There are some inaccuracies in their transmission-rather

1 Doctor of the Asian Cavalry Division, who left his memoirs.

2 A merchant who lived in Mongolia for about 30 years.

3 One of the highest ranks in the Buddhist hierarchy.

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most likely because the author recited them from memory. Ungern's account of his life and ancestors as presented by Ossendowski corresponds to other sources. It is partly based on ancestral legends - for example, about a pirate from the island of Dago. As L. A. Yuzefovich [Yuzefovich, 1993] found out, the historical O. R. L. von Ungern - Sternberg was not a pirate, but only caught cargo from wrecked ships. Further, R. F. Ungern could not say that he left the naval service during the Russo-Japanese War in order to pacify the Trans-Baikal Cossacks. In fact, he went to war as a volunteer from the Marine Corps, later graduated from the Pavlovsk Military School (1908) and was enlisted in the Trans-Baikal Cossack Army. According to the Cossack's story, Ungern went with another Cossack to Urga to investigate, and on the way back he killed a Chinese officer and two soldiers with a tashur (Mongolian whip). A more common version is that he rode alone and beat up a Chinese soldier in Urga with a tashur. Bogdogegen (the theocratic head of Mongolia), who was arrested by the Chinese, was abducted not by Ungern with 50 Cossacks, but by a special detachment of Tibetans, Mongols and Russians sent by the baron. In some places Ossendovsky calls Chakharov Tibetans4. This is a fairly common confusion in white's memoirs.

Of all the authors, only Ossendovsky writes that Zhambolon is the Grand Duke of Buryatia, a descendant of the Buryat rulers, who was dethroned for trying to declare independence and became a shepherd. Apparently, Bogdogegen's assignment of the title of hereditary grand Duke chinvan to Zhambolon was mixed up here [AWPRF, f. 0111, op. 2, p. 104, d. 47, l. 67-68 ob.], the pan-Mongol movement in Buryatia and the author's perplexity as a former shepherd could be a prince.

It is noteworthy that Ossendovsky quotes only in one place (the very end of Chapter 39) the well - known Ungern order No. 15 on the offensive on Siberia and casually notes that this document is evidence of a tragedy. The excerpt given in the book does not correspond to the original, although Ossendovsky was one of its authors [for publications of the order, see Noskov, 1930, pp. 69-75; Kuzmin, 2004(1), pp. 169-173; Kuzmin (2), phototable]. The authorship of Ossendovsky was well known by eyewitnesses [Noskov, 1930; RGVA, f. 16, op. 3, d. 222, l. 123-124ob.; GARF, f. 9427, op. 392, l. 47-60].

Part 4 "The Living Buddha" is dedicated to Bogdogegen VIII Jebtsundamba-hutukhta. It seems to continue chapter 38 of Part 3, about a joint visit with Ungern to the Mongol ruler.

Part 4 is based on information from the literature (A. M. Pozdneev, P. K. Kozlov, etc.), stories of the inhabitants of Mongolia, and partly - observations of the author. The information known from other sources is fairly accurate. These are data on the history of Buddhism, the search for reborn high lamas, the biography and power of Bogdogegen, etc.5
Ossendowski heard stories about Bogdo's life, divine services, divination, the administrative system, and so on. Obviously, he saw the interior of the palace, the foreign curiosities collected there, gifts and valuables, the library of Buddhist manuscripts. All this is described in great detail, and some of the information is clearly not taken from the literature. They are not sensational, so they are hardly made up.

But much must be attributed to fantasy. First of all, these are Bogdogegan's repeated meetings and conversations with Ossendovsky. Even Russian diplomats in Urga found it extremely difficult to get an audience with Bogdogegan (Belov, 2003, p. 13). Ungern himself met with him only three times [RGVA, l. 123-124 ob.], and the third time before the campaign to receive a blessing [Golubev, 1926]. Perhaps he came with Ossendowski then. Obviously Ossendowski was not allowed to attend the audience.

In general, Ossend's knowledge of Buddhism is rather superficial, rather like a theosophist's idea of Buddhism.

Part 5, "The Secret of Secrets: King of the World" is designed to justify the physical existence of the mysterious land of Agharti and the Lord of the World. From the stories presented in the book, which Ossendovsky specially collected, it is clear that they are based on the Buddhist concept of Shambhala. It is usually interpreted as a" hidden " area located to the north of India. The most educated lamas consider Shambhala to be an inner reality that opens up in the process of self-improvement. In the period of the national liberation struggle with China and the Civil War-

4 The Mongolian people.

5 Many information about Bogdogegen VIII, widely known from Russian literature, does not correspond to reality. Their consideration is not part of the purpose of this article.

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Prophecies and spiritual practices related to the last Buddhist war with the forces of evil, the Shambhala War, were widely circulated in Mongolia and used for political purposes. One of these prophecies is preserved in the archive of the Asian Cavalry division of Ungern [RGVA, f. 39454, op. 1, d. 9, l. 100-101]. A similar prophecy is given by Ossendovsky in Chapter 49 from the words of Narabanchi-hutukhta - but this time in the name of the Lord of the World. In the theosophical version, Shambhala is translated from the spiritual to the physical sphere as the country from which Mahatmas rule mankind (Berzin, 2003), and Ossendovsky was the first to provide "proof" of this.

We can agree with S. Hedin [Hedin, 1925] that Ossendowski took the ideas of Agarti and the King of the World from the pamphlet of J. A. Saint-Yves d'Alveydre [Russian translation: Saint-Yves d'Alveydre, 1915; Saint-Yves d'Alveydre, Guenon, 2005]. It is interesting that these ideas have something in common with the Russian legend of Belovodye, described in "Zosima's Journey to the Brahmins", with which Ossendovsky apparently was not familiar [Stefanov, 1993, pp. 92-96].

V. Mikhalovsky [Mikhalovsky, 2005, pp. 301-463] believes that the materials from d'Alveidre's pamphlet could have been contributed by the American journalist L. S. Payne, who worked on the book's manuscript. One cannot agree with this. The manuscripts of Notatnik and the report published by Michalovsky also mention Agharti and the King of the World. This was written by Ossendowski himself. Stories about Buddhist cosmology, miracles, Shambhala, its rulers (Kulik-emperors), the phenomena of enlightened beings, etc. he interpreted in a way that the European could understand. For example, if the Tibetan narrative about Shambhala, its ruler and the upcoming Shambhala War [for example, Przhevalsky, 1875] substitutes the words "Agarti" and "King of Peace", it becomes the same as Ossendovsky's. Finally, neither foreign researchers in Mongolia nor the Mongols themselves said anything about Agharti and the King of the World (Volkov, 2003).

Ossendowski is the only memoirist who wrote that Ungern was looking for Agharti. For this purpose, Prince Phuntsag was allegedly sent to Tibet twice, but did not return... Isn't this the same Prince Phuntsag of Van Hure who was executed by order of the Baron for discontent [Alioshin, 1941; Hoover, DK254/U7G662]? Ungern probably sent people to Tibet, but not to search for Agarti, but to contact the Dalai Lama for political and religious purposes [Kuzmin, 2004 (1)].

Let's briefly review the chronology of the book "Animals, People and Gods". The sequence of events (except for the visit to Tibet) corresponds to the facts. But the dates are inaccurate. Ossendovsky writes that he left Krasnoyarsk in early 1920. From what follows, he arrived in Western Mongolia sometime in the spring of 1920, went to Tibet two weeks later, and returned 48 days later to stay at the Narabanchi Monastery. There he spent two weeks (ch. 16) or a few days (ch.17). It turns out to be the summer of 1920. According to Ossendovsky, he spent six months in Mongolia and left the country in May 1921. So he was there from about November-December, and not from the summer of 1920. This corresponds to Ossendovsky's correct dating of the events in Uliassutai and his trip to Dzain-shabi and Van-khure (winter-spring 1921 - see "Raport" for dates). A. B. Burdukov (Burdukov, 1969) recalled that Ossendovsky arrived in Uliassutai in the autumn-winter of 1920, joining the Whites, apparently because he was not able to find them. on Tishin Gol, in Western Mongolia.

Subsequent dating looks like this. According to the book "Animals, People and Gods", Ungern received a correct prediction of death in Urga in 130 days, the next day he set out on a campaign, Ossendovsky left at the same time and arrived at the CER in 12 days. He communicated with the baron for nine days immediately after arriving in Urga. They left for Urga at the same time from Van Hure. The dates of Ungern and Ossendowski's stay in Van Hure and Urga vary according to sources. Witness N. M. Ribot [Kuzmin, 2004(1), p.496] has incorrect dates, but Easter 1921 is mentioned, from which the rest can be calculated by the number of days. Easter 1921 falls on May 1, n. a. Then Ossendovsky arrived in Van Hure on April 29, General Rezukhin-on April 30, Ungern-on May 2 and on the same day met Ossendovsky. Arrival in Van Hure on April 29 is realistic: according to "Raport", Ossendovsky was still in Dzain-Shabi on April 23. He left for Usu on May 3. Ungern set out from Urga on May 21. If they had been in contact with Ossendowski for nine days6, the last one was in Urga from May 12 to May 21. So, the journey from Van Khure to Urga in 300 km by camel took 10 days, which is quite possible. Ungern left Urga on May 21 and was shot on September 15. It turns out that the prediction was made on May 9; the margin of error is 11 days (approx.8%). Thus, the Ossendowski chronology

6 M. G. Tornovsky in his memoirs indicates about a week [Kuzmin, 2004(2)].

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from Uliassutai to leaving Mongolia is true - at least more accurately than in most other memoirs.

Making excuses to critics, Ossendovsky said that his book "Animals, people and gods" - romantic stories for the general public, and he could just as well finish it with the words: "Suddenly opened my eyes and realized that I fell asleep at the desk "(Mikhalovsky, 2005, p. 384). Its content is generally consistent with the report, "Notatnik" and "Raport". But the mysticism that permeates the book cannot be considered a hoax for the sake of sensationalism. Examples of successful predictions of lamas in 1921 are found not only in Ossendovsky [see fig. Kuzmin, 2004(1), (2)]. Describing his own experience, the author tried to give him a rational explanation. Usually, he referred to other people's stories.

There is no point in looking for Ossendowski's secret mission in Mongolia and China. Everything can be explained more simply. Once in Western Mongolia, he learned about the war and decided to go not to Manchuria (to the east), but to Tibet (to the south). But this plan was abandoned because of its difficulties. Instead of Tibet, I had to make my way to Manchuria. To avoid the dangers, Ossendovsky successfully schemed and safely drove east almost to Urga. Here he was able to gain such confidence in Ungern that he gave him money and provided a comfortable departure. Many people write about some secret assignment, but all assumptions remain speculation. Ossendovsky may have brought important correspondence to Harbin for ataman G. M. Semenov and two pounds of gold bullion. [Shanghai life]. Judging by the subsequent events, the main thing that Ungern wanted from him was an objective description of the Mongolian epic in the West.

Thus, Ossendowski's book "Animals, People and Gods" contains mostly reliable information about the author's communication with Baron Ungern and about events in western and central Mongolia. It can be considered an important source on these issues. The dates from the time of the author's arrival in Uliassutai to his departure from Mongolia are generally correct. The reasons for inaccuracies are sensationalism and mysticism of the presentation, description of events from memory. Some of the descriptions of adventures and fights with enemies are not verifiable. Information about Bogdo-gegen and Buddhism is based on literature, other people's stories and personal observations. There are big distortions here. Ossendowski's journey to Tibet and his personal conversations with the Mongol monarch should be considered fiction. As for Agharti and the King of Peace, this is a theosophical treatment of religious narratives that Ossendowski has heard in Mongolia and elsewhere7
list of literature

Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (AWPRF).

Belov E. A. Baron Ungern von Sternberg. Moscow: Agraf Publ., 2003.

Burdukov A.V. In old and new Mongolia. Memories. Letters, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1969.

Volkov S. Myths of Central Asia: Shambhala and Agharti // http://www.baikal.irkutsk.ru/php/statya.php?razdel=mongolia&nomer=04.txt, 2003.

State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). F. 16. Op. 3. d. 222.

Hedin S. In the heart of Asia. St. Petersburg: A. F. Devrien Publishing House, 1899.

Guenon R. King of the world // Questions of philosophy. 1993, N 3.

Golubev. Memoirs II Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, DK254 / U7G662, 1926 (partially published in kn.: Baron Ungern in documents and memoirs. Moscow, 2004).

Kozlov P. K. Mongolia and Kam. Moscow: Geografgiz Publ., 1947.

Kuzmin S. L. (comp.) Baron Ungern in documents and memoirs. Moscow: KMK Publ., 2004 (1).

Kuzmin S. L. The Legendary Baron: Unknown Pages of the Civil War. Moscow: KMK Publ., 2004 (2).

Kuzmin S. L. Baron R. F. von Ungern-Sternberg and the restoration of Mongolian Statehood // IX International Congress of Mongolian Scholars. Reports of Russian scientists.
Kuraev A. Satanism for the intelligentsia.
Mikhalovsky V. Who was Anthony Ossendovsky? // Ossendovsky A. F. People, gods, animals. Moscow, 2005.

Noskov K. Adventure, or the black year. Harbin, 1930.

Ossendovsky F. A. Men, gods, and beasts. Moscow: Eksmo Publ., 2005.

Ossendovsky F. Animals, men, and gods. Riga: G. L. Birken, 1925.

7 The archival materials used in this article were kindly provided by I. Mazgaiska and J. Odrowonz-Penionzek from Warsaw. We are sincerely grateful to them for this.

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Ossendovsky F. And animals, and men, and gods. Moscow: Piligrim Publ., 1994.

Pershin D. P. Baron Ungern, Urga and Altan-Bulak. Samara: Agni Publ., 1999.

Przhevalsky N. M. Mongolia and the Tangut country. St. Petersburg: V. S. Balashev Publishing House, 1875.

Przhevalsky N. M. From Zaisan via Hami to Tibet and the upper reaches of the Yellow River. St. Petersburg: V. S. Balashev Publishing House, 1883.

Przhevalsky N. M. From Kyakhta to the source of the Yellow River. St. Petersburg: V. S. Balashev Publishing House, 1888.

Nicholas Roerich's Letters to the Dalai Phobrang (1924) // Bulletin of Ariavarta. 2001, N 1.

Russian State Military Archive (RGVA). F. 16. Op. 3. d. 222.

Saint-Yves d'Alveydre C, Guenon R. Oracles of the great mystery. Between Shambhala and Agartha.
Saint-Yves d'Alveydre. India's Mission in Europe. Pg., 1915.

Serebrennikov I. I. The Russian Civil War: The Great Departure. Moscow: AST PUBL., 2003.

Stefanov Yu. N. Don't get lost on the way to Shambhala // Questions of philosophy. 1993. N 3.

Economy of Mongolia. 1928. N 6 (13). 24.06.1921.

Shanghai life. 1921. N 499 (139).

Shishkin O. Myths as animals // Ossendovsky A. F. People, gods, animals.
Yuzefovich L. Autocrat of the desert.
Alioshin D. Asian Odyssey. London-Toronto-Melbourne-Sydney: Cassell & Co., Ltd., 1941.

Berzin A. Mistaken Foreign Beliefs about Shambhala // http:tlwww.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archiveslad-vancedlkalachakralshambhalalmistak enJoreign_myths_shambhala.html, 2003.

Hedin S. Ossendowski und die Wahrheit. Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1925.

Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace.

Muzeum Literatury, Warszawa.

Ossendowski F. Beasts, Men and Gods. NY: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1923.

Ossendowski F. Tiere, Menschen und Gotter. Frankfurt: Frankf. Soc. - Druckerei, 1924.

* * *

EXCERPTS FROM: (F. A. OSSENDOVSKY. NOTATNIK. MUZEUM LITERATURY, WARSZAWA, N 4210)

p. 17

Kuznetsk - (Lobov)

Minusin [sk] - Shchetinkin and Kravchenko

Kirensk-Tuzov

Tulun

/ Kalandarashvili1 Cupid 3 [?]

Cheremkhov

150 versts from the river

Winter

Ussuri region

Lena-Zuev

Khabarovsk

Nikolaev

Amgun-Golokhvostov

Shkotovo

Transbaikalia] Barguzin

Troitskosavsk

St. Olga's Hall

Hall[yves] sv. Vladimir [inaudible]

Borzya-Vilkis

Dauria-Letov

Ver. [inaudible] Shulman

Sretensk-Petelin

Petrovsky

p. 18

Amer[Ican] (and English magazines)

1. Yenisei - Tibet [inaudible]

2. Western Mongolia

1. The mood is influenced by news from Urga and Chinese politics.

2. Wild hundred chahars.

3. Devil's country, [inaudible] mountains, [inaudible] on mountains with snakes (picture!). SO Mountains2 [inaudible]. A ward by the lake. Zagastay. About. Legends. The Tisin Gol murder. The murderers [inaudible] and the telegraph operator. Hunting. Water [inaudible] Strange rivers.

4. Russian squad. Bolshevik intelligence. Drinking water after bathing it.

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p. 19.

5. The destruction of Kobdo by the Chinese2. Kaigorodov. Annenkov, Bakich. Kazagrandi3. Bar[on] Ungern. Friendship of a Mongol messenger and agitator. The Reds are in Wan-hure [inaudible] to campaign in Korea and America.

6. Waiting for a pogrom from the Chinese, [inaudible] Freiman, Saltykov, Vandanov4.

7. The Mongolian-Chinese Treaty of Uliassutai.

8. The Domozhirov Gang5. Narabanchi-khure.

9. Friendship of Poletiko and Filippovs6.

10. Breakup in [inaudible] Kazantsev7.

11. Prince [inaudible] and Prince Chultun8.

12. Arrival of Bezrodny9 and death, [inaudible] legend.

8. Eastern Mongolia. "Urga". Awakened of soul of10 [unintelligible]

Bar[on] Ungern. Dzain-Shabi. [unintelligible]

Wang-hure - Bolshevik intelligence officers. Hunting. Marmots, emurans and larks. Steppe partridge. Saiga11.

Death of a Gay man12 and Filippov. Hunting and fishing.

Urga is a hell of revenge and despair. Divination, prophecies. The Living Buddha13. Jalkhantsa Lama14. Old books. Shadow of Genghis and Kublai Khan15. [unintelligible] Fighting the revolution.

[p. 20]

The death of the baron.

4. The Underworld (Agharti). [unintelligible]

5. Urianhai [inaudible].

6. Living Buddha16. Its history.

His miracles. Predictions. Divination. Materialization [inaudible] The Dalai Lama. Lord of the world.

Its impact and significance. Stay and lifestyle. Seal and signature. Paintings to the king of peace.

1. [inaudible]

2. The Court of human destinies.

3. The King sends [inaudible] into the space of the world.

4. Creatures of fire.

5. The Kingdom of Shadows.

6. Creatures of the sea.

7. The king in Zambagraza.

EXCERPTS FROM: (F. A. OSSENDOVSKY. RAPORT. FROM THE REPORT ON THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN MONGOLIA IN MARCH-APRIL 1921 (WITH THE TEXT OF THE AGREEMENT). MUZEUM LITERATURY WARSZAWA, N 4211)

p. 70

Chinese Commissar Wang Xiaocong and his right-hand man, Foreign Office chief Fu Jingxing17, replaced the old Mongol saida Prince Chultun-beile by the Chinese king Zhamin Zhap-wang18. There were a lot of Chinese spies around, led by the owner of the hotel, Lu Dalu, the owner of the check-in, and the commissar of the Dzo. When at the end of February the first, still very vague rumors came about the capture of Urga by Baron Ungern and the slaughter of all the Huaz and Gamins (that is, soldiers mobilized among the coolies and Hunkhuz), the Chinese were very afraid and regretted that a few days earlier they had sent 50 chahars (a tribe sent from Urga by General Chen and 50 Chahars) to Urianhai. warlike Mongols). Great joy was visible among the Mongols, the Mongol authorities-the autonomous-minded (except for kitaefila-side) were in readiness, the old Chultun-beile side drove out the autonomous princes, led by Prince Lama Zhap-gong. There were secret and semi-secret conversations, and the authorities tried to

p. 71a

to keep the people from attacking the Chinese, which was agitated among the Mongol population. Finally, a Mongol appeared and informed the Mongol authorities of the need to disarm the Chinese soldiers. They believed the message, even though the messenger didn't have a clue.

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there were no documents. Chultun began to conduct very careful negotiations with the Chinese commissar Wang Xiaocong about the latter's departure together with the commissariat and the convoy from Uliassutai and about the return of weapons that were taken from the Mongols, even silver and entire property along with the archive - that is, the return of everything that was taken by the Chinese lawlessly when the Mongolian autonomy was raped. No agreement was reached, and the actions were very bad. The Mongols were annoyed, and war was almost declared. The Chinese spread false news from Urga about the repulse of General Ungern's troops by the Chinese and about a complete victory. Meanwhile, Chinese agents were campaigning among the residents of Nogon-Karzun19

p. 71b

They secretly armed them and prepared a bloody night for the Mongols and Russian colonists, which happened a few weeks later in Kobdo, where they killed two people, robbed all the firms, and destroyed the city and left, but were later caught by a detachment of the Altai partisan Kaigorodov and cut out. The Russian colony asked the military foreman M. M. Mikhailov to take over the defense of the city. Immediately, up to 65 people were armed, posts were built, and guards were kept in private casemates by colonists and refugees all night long. The Chinese immediately found out about this and significantly quieted down, knowing that in the event of an attack, they would be rebuffed. But outside the city, the Nogon-Karzun gathered in groups, listened to what the mobilized Khuaz and Gamin were saying with pathos, and were ready.

Meanwhile, the Yameen talks20 they got worse and worse. Finally, Chultun invited foreign intermediaries: me, St. Blonsky (Poles) and Romanian citizen Schreyar, as well as trade elders:

p. 72a

Russian - Dadochkin N. Il. and Chinese-director of the company Bitunlus. Under my influence, the Chinese commissar agreed with my arguments and decided, together with the entire commissariat, to leave Uliassutai, give a receipt for the property and weapons taken with them, which were sent (54 rushnits) along with the chakhars to Uriankhai; disarm the Gamins mobilized in Uliassutai, and the Mongolian authorities guarantee the safe passage of the commissariat and the convoy that arrived with him from China, to the Chinese border. The agreement was signed on March 12, 1921.21 12 persons, including both Mongolian saids, Lama Zhap-gong, the Chinese commissioner, trade elders and us, 3 intermediaries and others. The day after the signing of the treaty, weapons were taken from the Gamins and given to Mikhailov, who armed up to 120 people. The next day, a relay race arrived from Colonel Vlad of the Orenburg Cossack Army. Nikol. Domozhirov with an order to disarm or destroy the Gamins, shoot the Bolsheviks and take Uliassutai, and

p. 72b

Mikhailov was appointed head of the garrison and detachment. Along with the relay came the news that Domozhirov was at Narbanchi-khure, 150-180 versts from Ulas [utay], and with him a detachment of 600 men. Freiman, a Latvian Bolshevik postal commissar in Mongolia, and Novak, a left - wing socialist controller of the Central Union, were arrested at Mikhailov's house. Freiman was shot, but Novak was released after 2 weeks. Mikhailov asked me to go to Narbanci-khure and explain the situation on both sides, explain why the convoy was released, and prove that Dom [Ozhirov] was late with his orders. Senior Lieutenant Abramov Yak went with me. Peter, and the guide-translator Viktor Bobrov. The day before, Chultun had gone there, and he had received a letter from khutukhta-khure Delyb-khutukhta Zhamtsin-zhap that Baldan-gun, a simple, rude, bloody general who did not even understand any politics, had arrived with Domozhirov, who was highly regarded for the capture of Kobdo in 1912.

p. 73a

awarded by Urginsky (Da-khure) Bogdo Khan. When I arrived in Narbanchi-khure, Chultun and hu-tukhta immediately invited me to their home and told me that I was sent by God to Narbanchi, and gave me a khadak22 and they said that Baldan-gun shouted at Chultun, wanted to arrest him for letting go of the Chinese commissar's convoy, that Domozhirov wanted to put Saida under the whip, that they wanted to mobilize the Mongols, rob Chinese merchants, they wanted to arrest everyone who came with Chultun-Russian and Chinese trade elders, but neither Baldan nor Domozhirov have any rights. absolutely no documents certifying their authority.

I found Domozhirov in a yurt on a throne among 11 young people, three of whom I knew from the bad side: one Subbotin, who did not want to go to the Kazagrandi detachment in Muren-khure,

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the second yesaul Blokhin, who brought corruption to Khatgalsky23 a detachment of Kazagrandi, and then ran away; the third senior lieutenant Panormov from "informilovka" is a semi-idiot. When I expressed my surprise that D[Omozhirov] did not have a detachment, that he wanted to take Uliassutai with 11 men, that there were Reds in Khatgal, he was confused and began to consult with the chief of staff, a very cunning Astrakhan Kalmyk Alexander. Ivan Zaplavny from Urga. I saw Baldan-goon. Abramov very wittily reminded me of a picture from "Fire and Sword"24 - "Bogdan Khmelnitsky in the yurt of Tukhai Bey".

Negotiations were held for three days, during which, with the help of Zaplavny, a reconciliation was achieved between Domozh[irov], Baldan and Chultun, and they decided to cancel the order to Mikhailov to disarm the convoy <inaudible>, Baldan to go to Kobdo, and Domozhirov to Dzain Khan, where it was necessary to mobilize up to 2000 Mongols. I returned with Chultun by his cart to Uliassutai, where Chultun and Mikhailov began to quarrel.

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Mikhailov sent a detachment of 50 men, led by Senior Lieutenant Strigin, in pursuit of the Chinese commissar and the convoy. Strigin disarmed the convoy and robbed the commissar's caravan. During the action, the colonist Vas. Alex was killed. Paramonov, whose wife fell in love with Strigin, and one Uriankhaite was shot. Mikhailov and his wife received part of the"war trophies". Weapons took Mikhailov in the squad, even 2 machine guns. Chultun protested against the looting, demanded the return of weapons belonging to the Mongols, and disarmament, or the departure of the Russian detachment, the existence of which he allegedly has no instructions from Urga. Mikhailov handed over some property, some of the worst weapons, and said that he would soon leave with the detachment... to Tibet, because he doesn't want to work together with Ungern, who <inaudible> is not connected with the leading groups of the political center.

p. 74b

In a word, Mikhailov, who mainly acted under the influence of his adjutant Nick. Ivan Grishkov, who did not recognize Baron Ungern, did not know his political platform, and decided to leave outside the sphere of operations and beyond the limits of the Sino-Mongolian disputes, first of all, to Tibet (!), with the hope of returning to the borders of Soviet Russia to fight against the Bolsheviks. According to Mikhailov and Grishkov, a detachment of 45-60 people armed with rifles and machine guns should go with them, but it happened differently.

Chultun stubbornly wanted to be given the Mongol weapons taken from the Chinese. Mikhailov hesitated, but as a result had to agree. The day of the transfer of weapons was set, but the day before that a new group of guests arrived - Colonel Poletiko, Colonel Filippov, two lieutenant colonels Filippov and Cornet Filippov (brothers). They arrived as representatives of the central white officer organization, sent to Beijing for negotiations and to form a separate cavalry division within Mongolia,

page 75a

acting against the Reds in Uriankhai and the Minusinsk district, as they said that an uprising against the Bolsheviks should begin in May or June. Mikhailov was appointed head of the Ulyasut [Ai]district a detachment that already existed, and the head of the division was already appointed (the documents were signed by Major General Prince Gorchakov and Chief of Staff Colonel Witten) Colonel Georg. George. Filippov, under Chief of Staff Poletiko. I have been appointed Governor of Western Mongolia. Colonel Kazagrandi and Captain Vasiliev were to join the division with their detachments25 senior Lieutenant Ivanov (who shot Puzikov and brought the wives of Puzikov and Kanin from Tishin-gol to Uliassutai, where this gang killed and burned the Bobrov family); ataman Annenkov, General Bakich, partisan Kaigorodov, etc., and now detachments of mobilized brave tribes of north-eastern and eastern Mongolia were about to join, about which Poletiko was supposed to have negotiations with the Urginsky detachment. Revolt in Mongolia against the Chinese takeover and the presence of a baron in Urga

p. 75b

Ungern, about whom the visitors spoke very sharply and hostilely, was very unpleasant for them. After their brief report to Burdukov in the presence of my, Mikhailov, and Grishkov, we were sure that they had come as military agents of Soviet Russia to draw all the refugees mobilized in Mongolia to Uriankhai, which was closed from the north of Krasni-

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from the south - Chinese troops from Sonji, Kulji and Chinese Turkestan, and in this way eliminate the refugee problem in Mongolia.

We decided to keep our eyes open, not to go to this company and not to let anyone in. The next day, Poletiko gave a lecture in front of the general meeting of residents-ros[siyan] Uliassutai, and in the evening - specially at a meeting of the crew and squad officers. After the speeches of Blokhin, Krekhno, Abramov and moy, [some] of those representatives of the white organization left. Poletiko's responses were unsatisfactory and often very pointed, [he] made a number of factual errors and, in fact, made a lot of mistakes.,

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he said that he did not recognize Domozhirov (he even wanted to shoot him!) as a representative of the troops of Baron Ungern, who acts "independently" , etc. The impression of both performances was very [bad]. Alarm and suspicion increased every hour, and in this muddy atmosphere Domozhirov's agents: Blokhin, Panormov, Subbotin, second Strigin, even a few Orenburg Cossacks <inaudibly> were actively agitating, and Mikhailov's detachment completely disintegrated, so that only Mikhailov, Grishkov and their wives could go to Tibet! It was a vile picture of disorganization and demoralization!

The next day, at an officer's meeting, Domozhirov demanded to arrest Poletiko's group, but in the meantime they defended it, and an hour later he and Poletiko were drunk and on excellent terms, [Domozhirov] gave him a lot of money, although <inaudibly> accused him of stealing gold coins from him, and Poletiko said that Domozhirov said that he had been instructed by Baron Ungern to go to Chuguchak and persuade Gen [erala] Bakicha together with the squad

p. 76b

go to Usu. Zaplavny told me the same thing, mostly from military agents in the Chinese outskirts of the Mongolian and Turk[Estan] regions.

I have spoken several times in my personal talks with Domozhirov and Zapl [avn] about my fear that the involvement of Russian troops in the issue of Mongolian autonomy will not speed up the Yurin-Dzevaltovsky agreement26 the Bolshevik-Chinese treaty, to which Moscow so strongly aspires. They listened carefully, but I do not know if they liked it. However, I said what I felt I had to say.

All these scandals deepened the breakdown in the detachment, the officers quarreled or went to the side, not wanting to interfere in it, the soldiers drank and laughed at the officers, where every day new bosses gave new orders, and one another did not recognize. Blokhin said right in front of the soldiers that all senior officers should be put down, even beaten with whips, and who would outlive all the others

page 77a

- that and put the commander of the squad. Meanwhile, the day has come to hand over the weapons. The soldiers rushed to the warehouse, seized everything, threatened Mikhailov with arrest, etc. Domozhirov was silent and did not speak out against the soldiers ' self-will. Mikhailov and Grishkov were eliminated. Domozhirov automatically had power, but while waiting for confirmation of his authority from the Usga, he did not officially act, but appointed Lieutenant Colonel Shevelev Alexander Iv. as the head of the team and detachment, and Poletiko as the commandant (!).

The relationship with Chultun ended completely. He caught messengers from Domozhirov, took off urtons27, did not give zara28 He did not agree with any of the orders of the Russian authorities, and news circled around the city that the Mongols would forcibly disarm the Russians, that the Chinese were calling on the Reds, that they were agitating among the Mongols against the Russians, etc.

In this hopeless moment, the time has come

p. 77b

me and Siorpas29 letter from polk [ovnik] Kazagrandi, even an order to the head of the team to mobilize all colonists from 18 to 45 years old and the Mongols and send them in urtons to Dzain-Shabi or Van-khure, to collect weapons, saddles, etc. Kazagrandi signed as the head of a separate cavalry brigade of the troops of Gen [eral] Baron Ungern30. He invited me and Siorpas to come to his house to discuss various political issues.

Domozhirov was silent and was very unpleasantly surprised that the letter did not contain a single word about him. Siorpas and I decided to leave the next day, but suddenly a messenger arrived from Kazantsev, a simple Cossack who had been chosen to leave <inaudible> commander of the Cossack Rada. This is a stupid, uneducated and stubborn cad who was a deserter from the huts-

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gal of the Kazagrandi detachment. Now he rode from Ungern and Bogdo Khan with weapons and silver, and ordered

p. 78a

Ataman Siorpas will be waiting for him in Uliassutai. When he arrived, he was very pompous and mysterious, did not want to talk to anyone, appointed himself head of the team and detachment, Shevelev-commandant, threw Poletika out of office, and then recognized the white organization and sent 3 officers to its headquarters; Mikhailov was appointed commander of a non-existent Mongolian cavalry detachment, and then arrested-he wanted, they say that he was shot, but released, appointed Krekhno as an adjutant; Domozhirov was not recognized, Kazagrandi's orders were recognized as "self-acting", and became the ruler of Uliassutai; he took Siorpas to help him, and old Colonel Lavrentiev as quartermaster31
The surprise of all the officers and colonists at this new figure in such a small Uliassutai increased, and at the same time the division in the detachment increased. "All Jomini32 yes, Jomini, but not a word about vodka?"33

p. 78b

- I said, listening to Kazantsev's fairy tales about "our Uryankhai", about "long-suffering Kazantsev", "about < inaudible> divination of the liberation of Kashinsky district of Ryazan province from the Soviet government34". Where is Russia? Where is the work for the liberation of a dying, struggling people? Although Siberia,but not the lousy Uriankhai with the lousy idiots Kazantsevs, drunkards and exploiters Byakov and bourgeois Zheleznovs, Siorpas, etc.

I left on April 13 alone, taking Mr. Szymanowski with me. We rode in urtons, fell off our horses, but on the 6th day we arrived in Dzain-Shabi. We were delayed according to the letter from Nick. Nick. Nefediev at the Shvetsovs ' firm, where we were very nicely received by the Guests. Vict. Zubakin, Andr. Nick. Barbott de Marny. On the first day, a local gegen (in the form of a fantastic Cossack), a sincere Russophile, paid a visit and gave khadak. On the second page

page 79a

When he arrived again, I gave him a khadak and <inaudible> arrived with the first khubilgan (reincarnator35 like him) - a small boy aged 12-13 years. The next day he went to see Kazagrandi, who was in Van Hure, and where I sent letters by messenger.

22.04 I gave a lecture on Bolshevism in Dzain-Shabi on the Urt-Temir river in the presence of leit [enant] Osip Yerem. Serbenko, whom I know from Khatgal. 23.04 I had a visit to the second khubilgan (Huji Lama)36 - a very sensible and well-read young man aged 25-26 years, then the governor of Shabi, who invited me to see khure (province-hoshun, district-aimag, and the spiritual district equal to the aimag-shabi). Shabi-khure has up to 2000 lamas; most of the buildings are in the Tibetan style, the bayle part where the goddo stood is surrounded by a yellow wall; images (bas-reliefs) of gods are carved in the rock, and holy inscriptions are laid out of stones. The area is beautiful,

p. 79b

rich in forests, rivers, animals and birds. A Chinese fort destroyed by the Russians in March of that year, where the Huaz were defending themselves and <inaudibly > killed Captain Barsky (the commander )and one colonist. Russian buildings are white, bright and welcoming. The courtyards are wide, surrounded by high fences made of thick trunks. Chinese casemates have double protective fences with gaps between them. There are no men here, everyone is mobilized. It's good that the Chinese are scared!

"Paragraphs of the agreement that took place on March 25-28, 1921, between the Mongolian and Chinese authorities in the city of Uliassutai in the presence of foreign witnesses, and signed on March 2737
1. The Chinese republican authorities in Uliassutai, on the basis of peace agreements with the Mongolian authorities of the Uliassutai district, return the last weapons taken from the Mongolian authorities in the amount of

80a

30 three-line rifles, 59 berdan rifles, 6 carbines, 56,860 rounds of ammunition, 4 boxes of ammunition, 12 checkers and 6 bayonets, with the exception of 52 rifles and 18,800 rounds of ammunition sent to Uryan-hai by order of the Chinese authorities in Urga, and a receipt issued to the Chinese commissars, on the basis of which the Government of Mongolia, at its discretion at its discretion, it will have negotiations with the Chinese Government.

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2. The Mongolian authorities have agreed to an honorary pass for the Chinese commissar with commissariat ranks and his escort with weapons to the Chinese border, and the Mongolian authorities shall take measures to assist in the safe progress of the expedition through the territory of Mongolia.

3. The Chinese Commissar solemnly declared that he had taken an oath from the soldiers of his convoy that they would pass through the territory of Mongolia without harming anyone, which was guaranteed by the Chinese Commissar, who would not hesitate to take the most severe measures against violators of the law.

4. The Chinese commissioner solemnly declared that he would guarantee that he would bring his convoy

80b

without any clashes with the Mongolian population, as the Chinese Commissioner appreciates the peaceful attitude of the Mongolian authorities and wants to eliminate any possibility of disruption of good-neighborly relations between China and Mongolia.

5. Pending the receipt of precise orders from the Urga Mongol Government, the administration of affairs in Uliassutai is transferred to representatives of the Mongolian authorities, with the participation of elected representatives from the Russian and Chinese societies under the chairmanship of the Mongolian Prince, for the friendly protection of the lives, property and common interests of Mongolian, Russian and Chinese citizens in Uliassutai.

Signed by the Kit [ai] Commissioner in Uliassutai

Wang-Tsao-Jun

Zav. Foreign Department of the Chinese Commissioner

Fu-Ding-Sin

Mongolian side of Chultun-Beile

Jangiin-Jap-Wan

Lama-Zhap-Gong

Russian torg [ovy] foreman Dadochkin

Chinese Merchant Yeoman Bain-Tordhun

Mongol princes who arrived from distant Khoshuns (two people)

Foreign witnesses-Prof. Ossendowski (Paul [yak])

gun Blonsky (Paul [yak])

rum [soviet] subject] schreyer

<inaudible>

Governor of Shabi-Shangzotba

comment

1 Shchetinkin, Kravchenko, Kalandarashvili-commanders of red partisan detachments.

2 In fact, the fortress of Kobdo was destroyed by the Mongols after the liberation of the city from the Chinese.

3 White army commanders in Xinjiang and Mongolia.

4 Freiman and Saltykov are representatives of the Reds, Vandanov is the commander of the white squad.

5 Commander of the white detachment in Western Mongolia (near the Narabanchi-khure monastery).

6 White immigrants in Uliassutai.

7 Commander of the white squad.

8 Mongol governor (sayd) in Uliassutai.

9 Commander of the punitive white squad.

10 Soul Awakening (English).

11 The names of animals are written in ink in Russian.

12 Member of the Centrosoyuz cooperative, veterinarian.

13 Bogdo-gegen.

14 Prime Minister of the Government of Autonomous Mongolia.

15 Khans of the Mongol Empire.

16 The Living Buddha.

17 In Ossendowski's book, Fu Xiang.

18 We are talking about the events in Uliassutai during the transition of power from the Chinese to the Mongols.

19 Nogoony gazar (Mong.) - vegetable garden.

20 Public place.

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21 See the Russian text of the agreement below.

22 A ceremonial scarf presented as a gift.

23 The detachment of Colonel N. N. Kazagrandi was stationed for some time in the village of Khatgal in Mongolia.

24 A novel by G. Senkevich.

25 Who, near Muren-khure, arrested Saltykov, a Bolshevik from the Central Union, who was leaving Uliassutai. Ossendovsky).

26 Prime Minister of the Buffer Far Eastern Republic (FAR East).

27 Post stations.

28 Document for a free change of horses on urtons.

29 O. I. Siorpas-ataman of the Uriankhai Cossack division.

30 "Chief of the separate cavalry brigade of the Gen. Baron Ungern" in original Russian.

31 K. I. Lavrentiev left his memoirs (see: Kuzmin, 2004 (1)).

32 A. Jomini (1779-1869) - general, author of works on military history, tactics and strategy.

33 What is in quotation marks - in the original Russian language.

34 What is in quotation marks - in the original Russian language.

35 "Reincarnationist" is written in Russian.

36 Khudzi Lama Bator-sum-khubilgan (approx. Ossendovsky).

37 From this phrase onwards, the agreement is written in Russian.

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