UDC 572

N. A. Avanesova 1, N. A. Dubova 2, V. V. Kufterin 3

1 A. Navoi Samarkand State University 15 Universitetskiy Bulvar, Samarkand, 703004, Uzbekistan

E-mail: non.avanesova@mail.ru

2 Miklukho-Maklay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences

32a Leninsky ave., Moscow, 119991, Russia

E-mail: dubova_n@mail.ru

3 Natural History Museum

14/1 50 let Oktyabrya str., Ufa, 450005, Russia

E-mail: vladimirkufterin@mail.ru

The article discusses the results of a comprehensive paleoanthropological study of the Buston VI necropolis (Southern Uzbekistan) of the Molalin and Buston stages of the Sapalli ancient agricultural culture of Northern Bactria of the Bronze Age. The monument is one of the basic ones for studying the mechanism of Bactrian cultural genesis. Based on the results of paleodemographic, cranio -, osteometric, and paleopathological analyses, it is concluded that the Buston paleopopulation is intermediate between typical representatives of the Bronze Age steppe world and southern farmers. Undoubtedly, the component that links with the ancient Neolithic population of the south of Central Asia is more clearly expressed. "Representatives of the steppe world of the Bronze Age" could well be the tribes of the Andronovo cultural and historical community. In terms of demographic parameters, skeletal constitution and pathology (primarily diseases of the jaws and teeth), the studied series demonstrates proximity to the population that left the Sapallitepa eponymous monument.

Key words: paleoanthropology, Central Asia, Buston VI, Sapalli culture, Molalin and Buston stages, Uzbekistan, paleodemography, craniometry, osteometry, paleopathology.

Brief archaeological information

The Buston VI necropolis is one of the monuments of the Proto-Bactrian historical and cultural area, referred to in the literature as the ancient agricultural Sapallin culture of the Late Bronze Age. It is located on the above-flood terrace of the right bank of the old Bustansai riverbed-the western delta channel of the Sherabaddarya River in Surkhandarya region. Uzbekistan. It has been studied since 1990 in the framework of educational and industrial field practice of students of the Historical Faculty of the A. Navoi Samarkand State University [Avanesova. 1995, 2002, 2003, 2006; etc.].

The burial ground is located on a natural remnant hill with a total area of 4.06 ha and a height of 9 m. The surface is dissected by water flows, resulting in hollows and individual hills. In the microrelief of the area, burials are poorly expressed. In some places, they are recorded on the modern surface only in early spring in the form of color spots, lichen vegetation. The monument belongs to two consecutive stages (Molalin and Buston) of the final period of the Sapalli culture, which is confirmed by stratigraphy and planigraphy data. There are 15 stratigraphic evidences of a direct superposition of the Buston burial site on the Molalinskoye one, under-

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confirming the internal genetic connections of the last two stages of the Sapalli culture.

Excavations are carried out by the method of continuous polygonal analysis in order to study the degree of saturation of the grave field with burials, remains of triznas, commemorations and other phenomena provided for by the ritual. For more than a decade of work on an area of almost 5600 m2, about 400 burials of varying degrees of preservation, commemorations, several mud semi-underground cremation structures, a platform with a pebble pavement, stone layouts imitating the solar disk, more than ten altars, many bonfires and ash pits were examined. The opening of large areas allowed us to trace changes in planigraphy, which represent an extremely complex picture of the space-time structure of the necropolis. It can be assumed that the burials were localized in groups. So, the graves of the Buston time were placed in a circle, occupying the eastern sector of the burial ground. Molalin burials and sacred objects were mostly located on the periphery. Separate areas with children's graves are also marked apart from others.

According to the design of the chambers, catacombs with a stepped entrance, potholes with a side entrance, and pits of rounded and rectangular shape with rounded corners are distinguished. Along with the shallow ones (0.4 - 0.8 m), there are graves with a depth of more than 2 m. There are both large ones (2.2x1. 8 m) and small ones (1. 2x0. 8 m). Most of the burials are marked with organic bedding, adding chalk, ochre or charcoal with ashes to the bottom. For the first time, an insulating layer of gravel was recorded at the bottom of graves under the accumulation of bones, which corresponds to the requirements of Videvdat . The catacomb structures of the Buston stage differ from the earlier ones in the thoroughness of the walls and arches, and the significantly larger size of the chambers. A number of graves have niches for vessels. In structures with a podboem, ledges (sometimes stepped) are made along the entrance opening to support the ceiling. There are cases when the entrance to the cell was covered with a stone foundation (or a mud plug). There are no chronological differences in the arrangement of graves with a lining and pits.

The vast majority of burials are individual, buried were laid in a crouched position on the right or left side. Men, women, and children of all ages were buried in the Buston VI burial ground. With a visible variety of orientations of the deceased's head, the western and south-western ones predominate. The longitudinal axes of the graves extend from west to east; among the Buston graves, the direction from north to south is more common.

The obtained data allow us to distinguish three ritual groups of burials.

1. Inhumation - in a crouched position on the side, on the stomach, on the back; in a sitting position; in an extended position on the back; fractional or dismembered burial; secondary; cephalotaphic. Human sacrifice is also a variant of inhumation.

2. Body immolation followed by burial of the remains shortly or immediately after cremation - in ground holes; placing the remains of the deceased in a "doll" or mannequin; in a piece of cloth ("package"); in a vessel (Avanesova and Tashpulatova, 1999).

3. Symbolic graves - burials of animals (sheep, dog); anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures; arrowheads and other votive objects. Fictitious burials and cenotaphs were recorded.

It should be noted that a comparative analysis of the Buston complex with similar burial grounds revealed the uniqueness and a number of fundamentally important features that distinguish them from the funerary monuments of the early stages of the Sapalli culture. The Buston materials indicate a clear increase in steppe elements starting from the middle of the second millennium BC and a qualitatively new period in the life of this society, when symbolic functions become permanent in the rite. A striking manifestation of these is the construction of ceremonial (or sacralized) sites for ritual actions, where rituals associated with fire play an important role. It should be emphasized that the Buston period marks the decline of such an important religious center of the Sherabad oasis as the Jarkutan Temple (Askarov and Shirinov, 1993). Therefore, it is probably necessary to allocate a new space for collective rites and religious ceremonies. There are no such objects on other burial grounds of the Sapalli culture.

Archaeological materials suggest that the real vector of the search for the original cultural phenomenon is associated with the ritual ceremonies of pastoral tribes of the Bronze Age of Eurasia, where the localization of sacred sites can be traced (Avanesova, 2002, pp. 108-110). The main repeaters of such innovations as the vivid manifestation of rituals associated with fire (including cremation), the use of chariots, tin metallurgy, the widespread use of stone for the construction of grave and extra-grave structures, the presence of a mound ring scheme for placing burials, were carriers of the Andronovo community cultures. In addition to the predominance of all-Iron elements, the material culture represented on the Buston VI monument (ceramics, metal and stone products, jewelry) shows the influence of the Srubnaya, Tazabagyab and post-Iron culture. It increases especially in Buston time, although it is also observed in Molalin time. It should be noted that Buston VI, on the one hand-

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On the one hand, it is radically different from the Early Pallian antiquities, and on the other hand, it is genetically related to them. It was at this final stage that the steppe cultural genesis and the revival of local early Palli traditions in ritual and inventory became a kind of pivot for further historical development.

The results of two decades of archaeological study of the Buston VI ground burial ground show its extraordinary differences from other necropolises of the Sherabad oasis and the Amu Darya basin. This monument should be considered one of the basic ones when studying the mechanism of Bactrian cultural genesis. A detailed study of the entire burial ground will make it possible to reach the level of historical and cultural reconstructions, the objectivity of which, however, depends on a variety of research procedures, including natural science. That is why the analysis of human skeletal remains from the Buston VI monument by methods of anthropology is so important at the present time.

Material and methods

Thanks to the efforts of students and staff of the Department of Archeology of Samarkand State University, a rich anthropological collection has been collected since 1990. A small part of the skulls of the first years of excavations was studied by S. Mustafakulov. But these data, unfortunately, still remain unpublished. At the invitation of N. A. Avanesova, head of archaeological work at the Buston VI burial ground, in autumn 2007 N. A. Dubov, A. I. Nechvaloda, and V. V. Kufterin conducted a comprehensive paleoanthropological analysis of the skeletal series from the necropolis*. In total, bone remains of various degrees of preservation of 87 people were studied. Sex and age determinations were made, measurements were made according to the complete craniometric and osteometric programs, cranioscopic and osteoscopic features were identified, photo-fixation of all skulls, traces of injuries and paleopathology was performed, and an odontological collection was collected, which is being studied by G. V. Rykushina.

The determination of the gender identity of adult individuals was based on traditional domestic anthropological (Alekseev and Debets, 1964; Alekseev, 1966) and forensic (Pashkova, 1963) methodological developments. All preserved skeletal elements were taken into account. In a number of controversial cases, the definition was made taking into account the archaeological context. The age of children was determined by the state of the dental system (classical schemes [Altukhov, 1913; Ubelaker, 1978], methodological developments of M. P. Gryaznov) and by the size of long bones of the postcranial skeleton (scheme of M. P. Gryaznov) [Gryaznov and Rudenko, 1925]; adults-on the basis of schemes of ossification periods of the skeleton, taking into account the limits of their variations [Alekseev, 1966; Brothwell, 1965], as well as schemes of obliteration of cranial sutures [Meindl and Lovejoy, 1985]. When determining the age of teeth, we used patterns of development and ossification of teeth (Altukhova, 1913) and the degree of deterioration of tooth enamel (Gerasimova, 1955).

Fixation of pathological and borderline states was carried out based on the method of paleopathological examination proposed by A. P. Buzhilova (1995, 1998). Discrete-variable features were studied using the program and methods for studying cranial anomalies (Movsesyan, Mamonova, Rychkov, 1975). When determining the degree of development of the macrorelief of the bone in the places of attachment of skeletal muscles, a descriptive program for scoring the degree of development of the relief of long bones was used, developed by V. N. Fedosova, modified by M. B. Mednikova [1998]. Complex cases of gender-age definitions and paleopathology were discussed collectively. Statistical processing and visualization of the obtained data were performed using standard MS Excel and Statistica programs.

Anthropological characteristics

Demographic indicators and features of the pathological status

The studied series consists of skeletal remains of 34 men, 35 women, 16 children (ten under the age of 6/7 years, six under the age of 14), one adolescent individual and one adult, whose gender could not be determined (Figure 1). Taking into account the need for anthropological research, the material was collected during excavation whenever possible It's full. Nevertheless, the relative scarcity of skeletal remains of children is surprising, as the fact of very high infant mortality in the Bronze Age is well known. For example, for the Middle and Lower Volga regions, this indicator is close to 50 % (45.3 % - the Smelovsky ground necropolis (Nechvaloda, 2005), 51.5 % - the Barinovka I log culture burial ground (Khokhlov, 2002)). For the south of the Central Asian region, they are more "prosperous" in terms of children's care.

* These studies are carried out within the framework of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research project "Gonur-depe Bronze Age Monument: Paleozoology, Paleoanthropology, geochemistry, radiocarbon dating and Metallurgy" (N 07 - 06 - 00062a, supervised by N. A. Dubova).

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Figure 1. Diagram of gender and age definitions.

1 - children; 2-women; 3-men.

These demographic indicators have already been noted. In particular, the share of children under 14 years of age in Gonur Depa is 22.6 % (Dubova and Rykushina, 2005). At the same time, the demographic indicators (average life expectancy) of this monument are close to those of Jarkutan and Sapallitep (Babakov et al., 2001; Babakov, 2004). In our case, the percentage of child mortality is even lower - 18.8. This may indicate both the well-being of the Buston population and the fact that most of the children were buried in a separate cemetery.

The peak of death in the male and female subgroups occurs in the age intervals of 30 - 40 and 40 - 50 years, respectively (Table 1). 1; Figure 2). Women mostly died later than men. At the same time, the former are characterized by a smooth increase in the indicator within the ten - year intervals used, while the latter are characterized by a sharp increase in mortality at the age of 30 - 40 years. A slightly longer average life expectancy of women compared to men (usually the opposite situation is observed for paleopopulations, which is explained by heavy loads on the female body during the period of active reproduction) may indicate both more significant stressful effects on the male part of the population during the period of greatest social activity, and insufficient representativeness of the studied sample for paleodemographic analysis.

Interesting in the light of these data is the fact of dietary differences between male and female samples, recorded by the prevalence of dental pathologies (Figure 3). Women, apparently, ate food richer in carbohydrates, and therefore they have more caries and apical processes. Men were more likely to have tartar and enamel hypoplasia. In terms of the frequency of caries and concomitant alveolar abscess, the Buston series is quite close to the sample from Sapallitep: in the first one, caries was observed in seven cases (9.2%), abscess - in eight (10.5 %); in the second one, six cases were recorded.-

Table 1. Distribution of buried persons by age of death

Age, years

Men (40 %)

Women (41.2 %)

Up to 14

18,80

15 - 20

2,90

11,40

20 - 30

20,60

17,10

30 - 40

55,90

28,60

40 - 50

20,60

37,10

50 - 60

0

5,70

Older than 60

0

0

2. Distribution of buried men (a) and women (b) by age of death.

1 - 15 - 20 years; 2 - 20 - 30; 3 - 30 - 40; 4 - 40 - 50; 5 - 50 - 60 years.

3. Distribution of dentoalveolar pathologies in the male (a) and female (b) parts of the Buston paleopopulation.

I - caries; II-abscess; III-periodontal disease; IV - tartar; V-enamel hypoplasia.

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Figure 4. Percentage ratio of some dentoalveolar disorders in the series from Buston VI and Gonur necropolises.

I - hypoplasia; II-caries; III-periodontal disease.

Figure 5. Percentage of men (a) and women (b) buried on the right and left sides.

Table 2. Results of checking the relationship of gender and age characteristics with the type of burial, % of the number of all buried people

Type

Children under 14 years of age

Men

Women

Adults (gender not determined)

Pit

7,1

10,6

12,9

1,2

Podboy

7,1

17,6

17,6

1,2

The Catacomb

2,4

10,6

9,4

0

Podboy-catacomb

0

1,2

1,2

0

Figure 6. Percentage of different types of grave pit construction in relation to gender and age structure.

I - pit; II - podboy; III-catacomb; IV-podboy-catacomb.

a - children; b-women; c-men; d-adults (gender is not defined).

reduction of caries and odontogenic osteomyelitis (14.3 %) [Khodzhayov, 1977]. The Bronze Age series from the Gonur necropolis (Southeastern Turkmenistan) gives the highest percentage of carious lesions for the Bronze Age of Central Asia-33.0 (Dubova and Rykushina, 2007). These data probably indicate a somewhat smaller (though predominant) role of plant products in the diet of the Buston people compared to the farmers of ancient Margiana. Studies devoted to identifying the relationship between the prevalence of certain dental disorders and the characteristics of the economic status and, accordingly, the diet of groups of the ancient population are conducted both in our country (see, for example, Buzhilova, 1995, 1998) and abroad (Lucaks, 1992; Beckett, Lovell,1998). 1994; Larsen, 1997; et al.]. In groups engaged in developed agriculture, there is a statistically significant increase in the incidence of caries [Buzhilova, 1998, pp. 131-132]. Periodontal diseases and hypoplasia of the tooth enamel cover are also significantly less common in the Buston materials than in the Gonkur materials (6.6 % vs. 57.3 and 5.3 % vs. 55.85, respectively) [Dubova and Rykushina, 2007] (Fig. 4). Against the background of a high frequency of lifetime tooth loss in both series and a slightly increased occurrence of tartar in Buston (11.8 %), it can be assumed that with the general agricultural orientation of the farm, the role of meat and dairy products in the nutrition of Buston residents was more significant.

It should be emphasized that for the Buston VI necropolis, the hypothesis of the dependence of the position of the buried person in the grave on his gender was not confirmed. 57.1% of men and 42.1% of women were buried on the right side (excluding disturbed and secondary burials), 42.9% and 57.9% on the left side, respectively (Figure 5). The results of checking the relationship between the sex and age of those buried and the type of burial also showed that there was no clear pattern (Table 1). 2; fig. 6).

Dimensions and indexes of skulls

As noted, the entire series was studied using a complete craniometric program. Here, in our first post, data is provided only for the main indicators. Male skulls are characterized, on average, by large longitudinal and small transverse diameters and, accordingly, by an extremely small cranial index (Table 3). Nine out of ten specimens on which it was possible to measure the size of the skull were found.

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Table 3. Average characteristics of male skulls and indicators of variation series

Sign

N

X

Min

Max

S

m(X)

As

m(As)

Ex

1. Longitudinal diameter

15

186,1

174

192

4,61

1,19

-1,152

0,5801

2,319

8. Cross diameter

11

135,5

128

142

4,27

1,29

-0,262

0,6607

-0,59

17. Height diameter (ba-br)

10

135,7

126

146

5,06

1,6

0,252

0,687

2,51

5. Length of skull base

12

102,8

97

109

3,19

0,92

0,081

0,6373

0,299

40. Length of the base of the face

11

98,7

91

105

4,5

1,36

-0,104

0,6607

-1,108

9. Smallest frontal diameter

12

95,3

91

104

3,7

1,07

1,072

0,6373

1,678

10. Largest frontal diameter

8

116,1

109

122

4,19

1,48

-0,692

0,7521

0,139

11. Width of the skull base

11

119,2

113

131

5,69

1,72

1,031

0,6607

0,504

12. Nape width

9

104,9

101

110

3,18

1,06

0,88

0,7171

-0,177

43. Upper face width

10

104,2

101

108

2,15

0,68

0,433

0,687

-0,22

45. Zygomatic diameter

3

130,7

124

136

6,11

3,53

-0,935

1,2247

-

46. Average face width

11

98

89

103

5,02

1,51

-0,759

0,6607

-0,862

47. Full face height

4

119,5

108

129

10,15

5,07

-0,26

1,0142

-4,164

48. Upper face height

12

70,7

62

78

4,52

1,3

-0,029

0,6373

0,004

51. Orbit width (mf)

15

42,3

40

46

1,83

0,47

0,513

0,5801

-0,374

51a. Orbit width (d)

7

38,6

37

41

1,72

0,65

0,935

0,7937

-1,005

52. Orbit height

15

33,4

30

39

2,2

0,57

0,854

0,5801

2,381

54. Nose width

14

25,2

21

28

1,77

0,47

-0,501

0,5974

1,618

55. Nose height

14

50,5

43

54

2,93

0,78

-1,243

0,5974

2,319

77. Nasomalar angle

9

137

127,8

144,5

4,69

1,56

-0,42

0,7171

1,331

Zygomaxillary angle

8

122,9

118,1

130,8

4,16

1,47

1,012

0,7521

0,49

72. General face angle

10

83,9

81

89

2,28

0,72

1,274

0,687

1,96

73. Middle face corner

10

85,3

82

90

2,98

0,94

0,61

0,687

-1,216

74. Angle of the alveolar part of the face

10

76,6

70

86

4,6

1,45

0,887

0,687

0,937

75. Nose protrusion angle

9

23

15

32

5,52

1,84

0,034

0,7171

-0,908

Pointers

8:1. Cranial

10

72,9

67,4

75,9

2,79

0,88

-1,161

0,687

0,124

17: 1. High-altitude and longitudinal

10

73,2

70,7

79,8

2,72

0,86

1,816

0,687

3,768

17: 8. High-altitude cross section

8

98,5

94,4

102,3

2,54

0,9

-0,115

0,7521

-0,446

9: 8. Frontal-transverse

8

69,6

64,1

75,4

3,31

1,17

0,11

0,7521

1,103

40: 5. Facial protrusions

11

95,9

88,1

104

4,42

1,33

0,038

0,6607

0,373

48: 45. Verkhnelitsevoy

3

51,7

47

57,3

5,22

3,01

0,805

1,2247

-

52:51. Orbital (mf)

15

79,2

66,7

90,7

6,05

1,56

0,202

0,5801

0,959

52:51a. Orbital (d)

7

85,3

81,1

91,9

3,62

1,37

1,004

0,7937

0,945

54: 55. Nasal

14

50

41,2

57

3,98

1,06

-0,178

0,5974

1,002

45: 8. Transverse facio-cerebral

3

94,5

91,9

98,6

3,59

2,07

1,551

1,2247

-

48:17. Vertical facio-cerebral

9

52

46,3

57,4

3,66

1,22

0,228

0,7171

-0,552

SS:SO Simotic

12

50,4

37,5

66,7

9,05

2,61

0,412

0,6373

-0,632

MS:MO Maxillofrontal

12

44,6

34,7

72,2

10,09

2,91

1,989

0,6373

5,126

DS:DO Dacrial

6

57,9

51

63,2

4,74

1,94

-0,366

0,8452

-1,541

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both diameters are dolichocrane, only one (N 350) is mesocrane (75.9 mm), but three more (N 155, 260, and 327) have indices at the border between dolichocrane and mesocrane (74.6-74.7). Most of the skulls (seven out of ten) have an average height diameter (ba - br), only one has a small one (N 327 - 126 mm), and two have a large one (N 260 - 140 mm) and a very large one (N 153 - 146 mm).

A. P. Pestryakov, based on V. V. Bunak's opinion on the basics of craniological classifications, proposed a scheme for modern humanity based on generalized indicators of the brain box (Pestryakov, 1987). Based on four parameters of the skull size (longitudinal, transverse and height (ba - br) diameters and estimated total height) and five characteristics that quantify the degree of relative length, width and height of the cranium, i.e. its shape (cranial and height-transverse indicators, indicators of dolichoidy, brachioidy and hypsioidy)* he initially identified three main craniotypes (tropids, holarctids, and pacifids), to which he later added a fourth (tropical pacifids). The names of craniotypes were associated with the centers of their origin and the main zones of traditional settlement: tropids - the tropics of the Old World; holarctids - the northern half of Eurasia; pacifids - East Asia, further settlement-to the south and southeast of the primary focus in Asia and on the other side of the Pacific Ocean - to the American continent; tropical pacifids (local craniotype)- an island world between Asia and Australia.

It should be emphasized that there is a certain correspondence between global craniotypes and the modern racial division (meaning the large races of humanity), but it is incomplete. However, craniological classification is based on other characteristics than racial, and therefore, the correspondence of race and craniotype, in principle, is not necessary.

Comparison of the generalized parameters of the Buston series of skulls with the average data for modern global craniotypes (tab. 4) shows that it is more closely related to the tropids, although it is necessary to note a certain "shift" towards the Holarctids. The latter is expressed in an increase in the total growth value, the brachioidness index, and a decrease in the hypsioidness index.

The facial skeleton of Bustonians is characterized by an average height and width, an average size of the nose and orbits with a narrow occiput. But there are significant individual differences. Thus, the total height of the face (measured on only four skulls) varies from small (N 350 -108 mm, N 324(1) - 114 mm) to large (N 245 - 129 mm, N 211 - 127 mm) values, the upper (12 cases) - from very small (N 350 - 62 mm) to very large (N 245 - 78 mm, N 318 - 77 mm), zygomatic diameter (only three dimensions) - from very small (N 332 - 124 mm) to medium (N 155 - 136 mm). This variability is also statistically confirmed: for the full height of the face, o is 1.5 times higher than the standard one and a significant negative excess is obtained. Of course, for four cases, it is hardly appropriate to talk about two variants - high - and low-face-in the studied series, especially since the variation series of the upper height does not confirm this, but it is still necessary to note the trend.

The size of the orbits measured on a much larger number of skulls also indicates the morphological diversity of Buston faces. Both the width (from mf and d) and the height of the orbit vary from small and very small to very large values (only the width from d - to medium). Accordingly, orbital pointers are also characterized by increased variability. Both extreme variants: high rounded and relatively low and close to rectangular orbits-are presented in the series. Thus, the skull of N 285 has an orbital height of 30 mm, and its width from mf is 45 mm (pointer 66.7); N 324 (1) at the same height has a width of 40 mm (pointer 75.0). At the same time, the skull N 245 has an orbital height of 39 mm, width from mf 41.0, and index 90.7.

Both broad-nosed and narrow-nosed individuals are represented in the series. Both the height and width of the nose vary from very small to large values. Both signs have a pronounced positive kurtosis, and the height size also has a left-sided asymmetry. Skulls N 245 (nose height 51 mm, width 21 mm, index 41,2), 350 (43,0; 24,5 and 57,0, respectively) and 327 (50,0; 28,0 and 57,0) can be marked as extreme variants. The protrusion of the nose is average, and in three specimens (N 201, 211, 241) - weak. But the simotic and dacrial pointers are big.

Most of the skulls (seven out of ten) are mesognathic, but only three with common facial angles of 85° (N318) and 89° (N160 and 332) are orotognathic.

All skulls are sharply profiled, and in the zygomaxillary region it is sharper than in the nasomalar region. The variability of zygomaxillary flatness is slightly less than standard (σ = 4.16), and nasomalar flatness is slightly greater (σ = 4.69). Skull N 155 has a nasomalar angle that falls on the boundary between medium and large values of the trait (144.5°), and a zygomaxillary angle - between small and medium values. Instance N 324(1) has a nasomalar angle of 141°, but the zygomaxillary angle is the minimum in the series-118.1°. In skull N 350, with almost the same nasomalar angle (140.1°), the lower part of the face is strongly protruding.-

* For a description of their calculation methods, see [Pestryakov and Grigorieva, 2004].

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See Table 4. Brief craniological characteristics of the Buston VI series against the background of average data on modern craniotypes (men)*

Sign

Buston VI (N = 8)

Tropids (N = 61)

Holarctids (N = 155)

Pacifists (N = 141)

Tropical pacifids (N = 7)

1. Longitudinal diameter

186,1

183,0 (4,54)**

180,2 (3,93)

179,8

169,1 (2,07)

8. Cross diameter

135,5

132,6 (3,13)

145,0 (3,47)

140,3

137,6 (2,75)

17. Height diameter (ba-br)

135,7

133,8 (3,62)

132,8 (2,79)

136,7

131,2 (2,87)

Total height of the cranium

266,9

262,6 (4,62)

266,7 (3,31)

265,9

254,5 (3,91)

Pointers

8:1. Cranial

72,9

72,5 (2,51)

80,5 (2,78)

78,2

81,4 (1,41)

17: 8. High-altitude cross section

98,5

101,0 (3,51)

91,7 (2,90)

97,8

95,3 (1,28)

Dolichoidities

137,3

137,5 (3,48)

129,9 (3,75)

129,9

125,9 (1,76)

Brachioidities

86,4

84,8 (2,75)

93,8 (2,77)

89,6

92,4 (1,27)

Hypsioidities

84,4

85,9 (2,24)

82,2 (2,11)

86,1

86,0 (0,90)

* By: [Pestryakov and Grigorieva, 2004, p. 93].

** The values of the mean square deviations are shown in parentheses.

milled. Thus, we can state the heterogeneity of the studied series in the flatness of the upper part of the face, which is to some extent confirmed statistically (the kurtosis coefficient is 1.331, however, with an error of 0.72).

The terrain on all the turtles is well developed. According to the development of the supraperenosum and brow arches, instances N 155 (5 and 2 points, respectively) and 318 (4.5 and 2.5 points) are distinguished; occipital protuberance - N 211 (4.5 points), 241 and 350 (3.5 points). The bones of the arch are dense and thick. Where they were measured, they reach a thickness of 7 - 9 mm.

Thus, the male skulls of the Buston series represent the appearance of massive dolichocrane Caucasoids with a medium-high narrow or medium-wide sharply profiled (especially in the lower part) face, which had a low and wide or high and narrow nose. Some have relatively high orbits, while others have low orbits that are close to rectangular in shape. The combination of a large angle of the horizontal profile of the upper part of the face with a small angle in the lower part, as well as with a well-protruding nose, large simotic and dacrial indicators indicates the participation in the formation of the ancestors of a group of archaic forms, possibly close in appearance to the circle of the so-called eastern proto-Europoid types, We emphasize that such forms could only take part in the addition of the ancestors of one of the components of this group, and were not such a component themselves. Skulls with a low, relatively broad face with a well-developed relief and a protruding nose are not found in the male part of the Buston series. Before making a conclusion about the way to add up the anthropological appearance of the population that left the Buston VI burial ground, we will consider the variations of characteristics in the female part of the paleopopulation.

Female skulls are much more variable than male skulls: both longitudinal, transverse, and angular dimensions, as well as pointers, have average square deviations significantly higher than standard ones (Table 5). Therefore, the average characteristic (very large longitudinal and transverse diameters, respectively, dolichocranial cranial pointer located on the border with mesocrania; the average height of the skull (ba-br, height and width of the facial skeleton, orbits, and a moderately prominent nose; moderate facial profiling in the nasomalar region and sharp - in the zygomaxillary region) gives very little to get a real idea of the series.

First of all, it should be noted that the size and thickness of the arch bones of several skulls (N 284, 366, 368, 378) caused difficulties in determining the sex. But after analyzing the shape of the pelvic bones, burial equipment (priority, of course, was given to morphological criteria), as well as visual comparison of the entire cranioseries, these skulls were collectively identified as female. Despite their very large size, the relief on them, both in the area of the brow and upper nose, and in the occipital part, was much less developed than on the male ones.

The most outstanding is dolichocranial skull N 284, which has the maximum values of many sizes in the series. It has wide but medium-altitude orbits, high (on the border with the average values), very slightly protruding (14°) nose and small nasomalar angle. Skulls N 368 and 378

page 125
See Table 5. Average characteristics of female skulls and indicators of variation series

Sign

N

X

Min

Max

S

m(X)

As

m(As)

Ex

1. Longitudinal diameter

19

182,5

171

193

6,21

1,43

-0,01

0,5238

-0,508

8. Cross diameter

12

136,8

128

148

6,25

1,8

0,261

0,6373

-0,781

17. Height diameter (ba-br)

15

130,7

120

145

5,86

1,51

0,791

0,5801

1,679

5. Length of skull base

16

100,1

90

114

5,97

1,49

0,913

0,5643

1,419

40. Length of the base of the face

15

93,1

82

110

6,17

1,59

1,096

0,5801

3,725

9. Smallest frontal diameter

15

95,4

85

101

4,36

1,12

-0,887

0,5801

0,905

10. Largest frontal diameter

12

114,1

105

122

5,2

1,5

-0,118

0,6373

-0,231

11. Width of the skull base

18

114,9

105

125

5,91

1,39

0,355

0,5363

-0,861

12. Nape width

14

105,9

96

113

4,32

1,16

-0,39

0,5974

1,232

43. Upper face width

9

104,2

99

110

3,23

1,08

0,172

0,7171

0,416

45. Zygomatic diameter

5

127,2

122

135

5,54

2,48

0,527

0,9129

-1,07

46. Average face width

13

92,8

84

99

5,06

1,4

-0,376

0,6163

-0,805

47. Full face height

5

116,6

105

127

8,08

3,61

-0,327

0,9129

0,79

48. Upper face height

17

67,9

61

77

4,2

1,02

0,318

0,5497

0,119

51. Orbit width (mf)

20

41,2

36

45

2,14

0,48

-0,717

0,5121

0,808

51a. Orbit width (d)

6

38,2

37

40

1,17

0,48

0,668

0,8452

-0,446

52. Orbit height

20

34

30

39

2,13

0,48

0,219

0,5121

0,572

54. Nose width

19

24,4

22,5

28

1,6

0,37

0,958

0,5238

-0,008

55. Nose height

17

48,8

44

56

2,9

0,7

0,739

0,5497

1,033

77. Nasomalar angle

8

140,9

133,9

147

4,25

1,5

-0,085

0,7521

-0,183

Zygomaxillary angle

10

125,7

118,1

136,6

5,65

1,79

1,04

0,687

0,514

72. General face angle

15

85,2

80

90

2,48

0,64

-0,102

0,5801

0,586

73. Middle face corner

15

88,1

81

94

3,59

0,93

-0,478

0,5801

-0,045

74. Angle of the alveolar part of the face

13

77,5

71

83

3,84

1,07

-0,176

0,6163

-0,958

75. Nose protrusion angle

12

23,3

14

35

5,31

1,53

0,663

0,6373

1,492

Pointers

8:1. Cranial

11

74,8

70,9

82,2

3,19

0,96

1,184

0,6607

1,987

17: 1. High-altitude and longitudinal

15

72,4

67,4

80,1

3,11

0,8

0,749

0,5801

1,618

17: 8. High-altitude cross section

11

97

86,5

105,4

5,36

1,62

-0,452

0,6607

0,275

9: 8. Frontal-transverse

11

70,2

66,7

74,8

3,06

0,92

0,293

0,6607

-1,543

40: 5. Facial protrusions

14

92,4

78,4

97,9

5

1,34

-1,84

0,5974

4,236

48: 45. Verkhnelitsevoy

5

55,3

51,2

59,2

2,85

1,28

-0,207

0,9129

1,697

52:51. Orbital

21

83,3

71,4

94,9

6,42

1,4

0,138

0,5012

-0,669

54: 55. Nasal

16

50,6

46,2

55,3

2,99

0,75

0,104

0,5643

-1,396

45: 8. Transverse facio-cerebral

4

91

89,7

92,7

1,3

0,65

0,83

1,0142

-0,037

48:17. Vertical facio-cerebral

15

52

46,3

58,8

4,29

1,11

0,31

0,5801

-1,216

SS:SC. Simotic

16

51,8

35

75

11,18

2,8

0,593

0,5643

-0,125

MS:MS. Maxillofrontal

15

47,7

23,3

60,6

9,95

2,57

-0,942

0,5801

1,129

DS:DC. Dacrial

4

62,1

45,1

85

18,25

9,13

0,603

1,0142

-2,059

page 126
smaller, but their sizes also fall into the category of large and very large. Skull No. 366 is very poorly preserved; the only measurement that could be obtained is the longitudinal diameter (and that is questionable). But in general appearance, it is quite large.

Of the 11 skulls in the series for which the cranial index was determined, only four are mesocrane (N 368, 301, 369, and 253, pointers 75.0, 75.7, 76.8, and 77.0, respectively), and one is brachycranal (N 340 - 82.2). The latter has a very large transverse diameter, an average height of ba-br, a high and very wide (the widest in the series), a fairly well-shaped face with wide but medium-high orbits and a high nose. It should be noted that brachycranial skulls in the Bronze Age series are not very common in Central Asia, but they are quite common. They are especially noticeable in the northern steppe regions, where even the series averages fall within the mesocrania. The pattern when women's skulls have a larger cranial index compared to men's is also quite common.

The upper height and zygomatic width of the face were measured only on five skulls, but there is a clear direct relationship between these indicators. For three specimens (N 244, 369, 378), the orbital index is classified as very small (71.4; 75.6; 73.8). But of these, only the skull of N 244 has a low face (63 mm). A comparison of the face height and the orbital pointer in the female sample indicates that there is no correlation between a low face and low wide orbits. Thus, the skull of N 246 has the smallest face in height (61 mm), but almost circular orbits (pointer 92.1), N 368 - the highest face in the series (77 mm), and the orbital pointer belonging to the category of small. Only three specimens (N 244, 378, and 369) show some connection between the low face and rectangular orbits.

As in male skulls, the flatness in the nasomalar region is greater than in the zygomaxillary region. Only the mesocrane (index 73.7) skull of N 170 has large angles in both regions (145.8° and 136.6°, respectively). The angle of protrusion of the nasal bones is average (23°), as in most female skulls (7 out of 12). Only one (N214) is distinguished by very strongly protruding nasal bones, two more (N 280 and 292) - strongly; in one (N 284) they protrude very slightly (14°) and in one (N 368) - weakly (19°).

The conducted factor analysis (tab. 6) shows that the longitudinal diameter, the upper height of the face, the dimensions of the orbits and nose make the greatest contribution to the description of intra-group variation; the longitudinal and height diameters, the average width of the face (the zygomatic diameter could not be included in the analysis due to its determination on only five skulls) and the width of the nose are

Table 6. Factor loads for women's skulls series

Sign

Factor

1

2

3

4

5

1. Longitudinal diameter

-0,31642

-0,648149

-0,045191

-0,395407

0,035771

8. Cross diameter

-0,76265

-0,183424

-0,007416

-0,066216

-0,40407

17. Height diameter (ba-br)

0,035511

-0,86882

-0,279039

-0,024793

0,254461

9. Smallest frontal diameter

-0,327561

0,491425

-0,52864

-0,092716

-0,089694

46. Average face width

0,46808

-0,55272

-0,216918

-0,168669

-0,178048

48. Upper face height

-0,86433

0,034025

0,119546

0,025506

0,020449

51. Orbit width (mf)

-0,63349

0,04998

-0,370778

0,155686

0,192824

52. Orbit height

-0,77241

0,288116

0,281412

-0,026943

-0,02063

54. Nose width

-0,56981

-0,64742

0,012728

-0,069948

-0,034181

55. Nose height

-0,83746

-0,065591

0,241079

-0,026022

0,214107

SS. Simotic height

-0,155561

0,251017

-0,6476

0,427409

0,367321

SC. Simotic width

-0,149383

-0,133164

-0,78243

0,178697

-0,43046

77. Nasomalar angle

-0,043567

0,465421

-0,167689

-0,79455

-0,211199

Zygomaxillary angle

0,037613

0,127017

-0,30974

-0,78102

0,4103

Proper number

3,83

2,579

1,851

1,685

0,887

Percentage of the described variation

27,36

18,42

13,23

12,04

6,34

Cumulative percentage of the described variation

27,36

45,78

59,01

71,04

77,38

Note: in Tables 6, 9, and 10, the values of the largest factor loadings are highlighted in font.

page 127
in second place. The third factor included the smallest frontal diameter, simotic height and width, and the fourth-the angles of horizontal profiling. All these dimensions largely determine almost 71.1 % of the variability.

Let's pay attention to the fact that the men's series (tab. 7) shows completely different results. Although five factors describe a close (even slightly larger) part of the variability (78.9%), the contribution of none of the sizes to any of the factors exceeds 50 %. This most likely indicates that the differentiation of women in Buston was more pronounced than that of men.

Thus, based on the above characteristics, we can say that there are at least two Caucasian morphological components in the female part of the population, which are not typologically distinguished. Dolichocranial medium-high-faced with high large orbits and a high nose dominates. The low-faced more brachycrane with relatively lower orbits is present in a clearly mixed form. Also, the massive component is more pronounced, which can be represented in both the first and second versions, and less noticeable - gracile dolichocrane and dolichomorphic. Given the increased variation of indicators in the women's series compared to the men's (which is confirmed by both the values of mean square deviations and factor analysis data) and the load on the selected factors, we can say that the archaic massive Caucasian component is more pronounced in it. This can be explained by the greater "conservativeness" of the female genotype as a whole, and indeed a greater share of paleopopulation in the female part of the population.

We will try to trace the possible connections of the population that left the Buston VI necropolis by means of an intergroup comparison using multidimensional statistical methods, for which we use data on both agricultural and pastoral populations of different regions of Central Asia and nearby regions. For this purpose, the Eneolithic - Late Bronze Age cranioseries were used (Table 8). The comparison was carried out by the principal component method using the standard statistical package Statistica.

As shown by the results of the factor analysis (see the table for the attributes used). 9), the first three factors describe almost 60% of the intergroup variability (and all five-82.5 %). The first differentiates groups by the upper face height, nose height, height and to a lesser extent the width of the orbit; the second-by the longitudinal diameter and the smallest width of the forehead. Interestingly, the third factor includes the largest loads in all latitudinal dimensions (longitudinal, smallest frontal, zygomatic diameters, and orbital width).

Graph based on the distribution of the values of the first and third factors (F1 and F3),

Table 7. Factor loadings for the male skull series

Sign

Factor

1

2

3

4

5

1. Longitudinal diameter

0,143018

-0,057469

0,278157

-0,020773

-0,022198

8. Cross diameter

-0,116794

0,192331

0,300131

0,04503

-0,193101

17. Height diameter (ba-br)

0,083316

-0,032952

0,268486

0,034332

-0,229389

9. Smallest frontal diameter

-0,032161

-0,102026

0,222501

-0,451034

0,068797

46. Average face width

-0,254277

-0,166666

0,034944

0,004021

-0,060665

48. Upper face height

0,024746

-0,329866

0,115777

0,145772

0,017491

51. Orbit width (mf)

-0,029398

-0,1556

0,013506

-0,26793

0,481992

52. Orbit height

0,140327

-0,156942

-0,100365

-0,304531

-0,230894

54. Nose width

-0,284986

-0,054351

-0,003834

0,071364

-0,035276

55. Nose height

-0,044124

-0,324201

0,054214

0,180995

-0,033016

SS. Simotic height

0,260611

-0,024726

0,158251

0,103042

-0,053187

SC. Simotic width

0,004834

0,006076

0,178406

0,385252

0,395565

77. Nasomalar angle

-0,008401

0,167783

0,175397

-0,158904

0,379327

Zygomaxillary angle

-0,174478

0,049242

0,222213

-0,122707

-0,207956

Proper number

3,23

2,656

2,203

1,587

1,363

Percentage of the described variation

23,078

18,971

15,737

11,337

9,738

Cumulative percentage of the described variation

23,078

42,049

57,786

69,123

78,861

page 128
Table 8. Compared craniological series

N n/a

Series name

Data source

1

2

3

1

Buston VI

This publication

2

Sapallitepa

Khodjayov, 1977

3

Jarkutan

Khodjayov, 2004

4

Sazagan, Zaravshan

"

5

Take into account, Zaravshan

"

6

Dashti-Kazy, Zaravshan

"

7

Zaman Baba, Zaravshan

Ginzburg, Trofimova Publ., 1972

8

Dalverzin

"

9

Early Tulhar

Kiyatkina, 1976

10

Tigrovaya Balka I (Vakhsh)

Kiyatkina, 1987

11

Tiger Gulch II (Yakka Pista)

"

12

Tigrovaya Balka III (Oikul)

"

13

Makoni Mor

"

14

Kokcha-3

Ginzburg, Trofimova Publ., 1972

15

Tumek-Kichijik

Yablonsky Publ., 1986

16

Altyn-depe

Kiyatkina, 1987

17

Gonur, necropolis

Dubova, Rykushina, 2007

18

Gonur, "ruins"

"

19

Kara-depe

Ginzburg, Trofimova Publ., 1972

20

Parkhai-2

Kiyatkina, 1987

21

Sumbar

"

22

Takhirbay III

Ginzburg, Trofimova Publ., 1972

23

Geoxur

"

24

Big Balkhans (Karaelemata-Sai and Patma-Sai in total)

"

25

Mohenjo-Daro

Kiyatkina, 1987

26

Harappa R 37

Dutta, 1983

27

Harappa H

"

28

Harappa Area G 289

"

29

Shakhri-Sokhta

Hemphill, 1998

30

Tepe Hissar II

Kiyatkina, 1987

31

Tepe Hissar III

"

32

Timargarha

Bernhard, 1967

33

Butkara II

"

34

Tepe Cemshedi

Kiyatkina, 1987

35

Hasanlu 5000

"

36

Khasanlu, V, IV layers

"

37

Gumugou

Chuev, Kitov, 2007

38

Huoshaogou( Yumen, Gansu)

Qihai datong Hoshaogou..., 2005

39

Shangsujia, Datong, Qinghai, Kayne Culture

Qinghai Datong Shangxunjia..., 2005

40

Shangsujia, Datong, Qinghai, Han Dynasty

The same thing

41

Shangxunjia, Early Kaiyue culture

"

42

Shangxunjia, Late Kaiyue culture

"

page 129
End of Table 8

1

2

3

44

Tasty-Butak

Ginzburg, Trofimova Publ., 1972

45

Developed log cabin culture (Ural-Povolzhye)

Khokhlov, 1998

46

Afanasyevskaya culture, Gorny Altai, total

Solodovnikov Publ., 2006

47

Afanasyevskaya culture, Minusinskaya basin, total

Alekseev, 1961

48

Okunevskaya culture, total

Bagashev, 2000

49

Karasuk culture, total

Rykushina, 2007

50

Andronovo culture, Gorny Altai, total

Solodovnikov Publ., 2006

51

Andronovskaya culture (Fedorovsky variant), Minusinskaya basin, total

Dremov, 1990

52

Andronovo culture (Fedorovsky version), Kazakhstan, total

Dremov, 1997

53

Andronovo culture, Western Kazakhstan

Ginzburg, Trofimova Publ., 1972

54

Andronovo culture (Alakul variant), Kazakhstan, total

Dremov, 1997

55

Sargat culture, total

Bagashev, 2000

56

Chograi, Kalmykia

Shevchenko, 1986

57

South of Jurgeni, Kalmykia

Khokhlov, 2006

58

Bolyiekaragansky burial ground, mound 25

Lindstrom, 2002

59

Pazyryk culture in total

Chikisheva St., 2000

60

Crooked Lake

Rykushina, 2003

61

Sarazm

Khodjayov, 2004

62

Dalverzin (women's series)

Ginzburg, Trofimova Publ., 1972

63

Shorthug B5

Buchet, 1989

64

Bishkent Shortugai

Buchet, 1989 ; Lesage, 1989

65

Tepe Jiyan

Kiyatkina, 1987

66

Bad Hora

"

67

Чога Занбил

"

68

Tell al-Yudiadah, Anatolia

Hemphill, 1998

69

Kangurttut

Yablonsky Publ., 2004

Table 9. Results of factor analysis (principal component method) of Eneolithic - Bronze Age men's craniological series in Eurasia*

Sign

Factor

1

2

3

4

5

1. Longitudinal diameter

0,112856

0,89539

-0,094348

0,242671

-0,04159

8. Cross diameter

0,097749

-0,033694

0,91523

0,008025

0,222714

17. Height diameter (ba-br)

0,113757

0,168533

0,129476

0,908998

0,075423

9. Smallest frontal diameter

-0,059069

0,73367

0,5536

-0,054507

0,022635

48. Upper face height

0,75045

0,216416

0,131933

0,30883

0,286824

45. Zygomatic diameter

0,157846

0,021466

0,75575

0,461038

0,148664

55. Nose height

0,73174

0,085242

0,096164

0,225182

0,302626

54. Nose width

0,13825

-0,040617

0,194025

0,081488

0,92058

51. Orbit width (mf)

0,446172

0,250141

0,68677

0,045556

-0,037537

52. Orbit height

0,79906

-0,12997

0,178884

-0,148273

-0,164478

Percentage of described variability

20,20

15,10

23,10

12,80

11,30

* See note. go to Table 6.

page 130

7. Male craniological series of the Eneolithic-Bronze Age of Eurasia in the space of the first (upper face height, nose height and orbits) and third (latitudinal dimensions of the face) factors.

- a-Tajikistan, Uzbekistan; b - Turkmenistan; c - Iran, Pakistan, Indus River Valley; d - China; e - Kazakhstan, Southern Siberia; e-Ural, Volga region. The numerical designations of the series correspond to the ordinal numbers in Table 8.

7). All Kazakhstan, South Siberian, Altai, and Ural-Volga series have positive F3 values, while almost all populations of Iran, Pakistan, the Indus River Valley, and the southern regions of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan have negative F3 values. Forest and forest-steppe groups (Okunev, Sargat, Karasuk), as well as populations of the main territory of China, are located completely separately. An exception to the latter is the series from the Gumugou burial ground in Xinjiang (N 37), which is close to the Zaravshan series from Dashti-Kaza (N 6) in terms of the sum of these features. Skulls from Zaman Baba (N 7) and Early Tulkhara (N 9) do not fall into the "steppe series cloud", but have positive F3 values. On the contrary, a small series from Kazakhstan's Tasty-Butak broke away from the main mass of the marked "cloud" (N 44). the peculiarity of which was noted by its researcher [Ginzburg, 1962]. The purpose of this article is not to analyze the relative positions of all involved groups in the space of these two factors, so we will refrain from commenting on the resulting picture. The main thing for us is that the Buston men's series (N 1) is located on the chart almost next to Sapallitepinskaya (N 2), Geoxyurskaya (N 23) and two South Tajik ones (Tigrovaya Balka II and Makoni Mor-N 11.13). Almost equidistant from it (but with different loads for both factors!) We see a series from the Turkmen monuments Sumbar (N 21) and Big Balkhans (N 24), the Iranian Shahri Sokhta (N 29) and the Pakistani Timargarh (N 32). It is also symbolic that the Buston group occupies almost the middle position on the chart (F1 = 0.14; F3 = -0.4).

Women's series show a slightly different picture (Table 10). Thus, the selected five factors describe a smaller share of variability (77.8 %) than in the case of male groups. If the loads on the first one are quite similar for men and women (women are distinguished by the absence of the contribution of the orbital height to it, which is

Table 10. Results of factor analysis (principal component method) of female Eneolithic - Bronze Age craniological series in Eurasia*

Sign

Factor

1

2

3

4

5

1. Longitudinal diameter

0,113419

-0,205331

0,88484

0,055935

-0,020957

8. Cross diameter

0,087131

0,82962

-0,113347

-0,092783

0,057348

17. Height diameter (ba-br)

0,044154

0,26262

0,67836

0,032222

0,047009

9. Smallest frontal diameter

-0,241093

0,75489

0,35423

0,059891

-0,022194

48. Upper face height

0,75794

-0,011016

0,309221

-0,044888

0,111665

45. Zygomatic diameter

0,282556

0,77726

-0,013655

-0,058244

0,09319

55. Nose height

0,81363

0,03622

0,087979

-0,311648

-0,08639

54. Nose width

0,84796

0,167042

-0,167492

0,162996

0,079792

51. Orbit width (mf)

-0,062891

-0,091506

-0,027642

0,027966

-0,9877

52. Orbit height

0,08344

0,08203

-0,083526

-0,96924

0,032932

Percentage of described variability

21,30

20,20

15,20

10,90

10,20

* See note. go to Table 6.

page 131

Figure 8. Female craniological series of the Eneolithic-Bronze Age of Eurasia in the space of the first (upper face height, nose height and width) and second (transverse, smallest frontal and zygomatic diameters) factors.

See Figure 7 for additional information.

it was the leader only in the fourth factor, and, on the contrary, a significant contribution of the width of the nose), then the second and third changed places. In women, the second factor is changes in the transverse, smallest frontal and zygomatic diameters, the third includes longitudinal and height diameters.

It is important to emphasize that according to the first two factors (F1 and F2), all the compared female groups were divided in general almost the same as the male ones (Figs. 7, 8), i.e. almost all the series from the Urals, Volga region, Kazakhstan, Southern Siberia and Altai have positive F1 values. The Chinese groups are just as isolated on the chart as the men's groups. Female skulls from Gumugou (N 37), as well as male skulls, fell within the limits of indicators of Turkmen and Middle Eastern groups. At the same time, the women's series from Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan show a much larger spread on the chart compared to the men's series. Thus, skulls from Takhirbay III (N 22), Kokchi-3 (N 14), Early Tulkhar (N 9), and Tigrovaya Balka III (N 12), as well as the Buston series, which has almost identical coordinates with the Andronovo series from Western Kazakhstan (F1 = -0.12; F2 = 0.46). The Sintashta series from the Crooked Lake burial ground was not far from the groups from Geoxyur and Makoni Mor. We repeat that the resulting graphs could be the subject of a special analysis, but it is not included in the tasks of this work.

Thus, the analysis of metric parameters of the brain and facial parts of the skull both at the intra-and inter-group levels shows that the Buston series is characterized by mixed-type anthropological parameters. Its composition undoubtedly includes a granite dolichocrane component with a sharply shaped leptomorphic face in the horizontal plane, a high and narrow, well-protruding nose and high large orbits. This anthropological type is called the Mediterranean type. Equally indisputable is the presence of a dolichocrane component with a significantly lower and wider face, more rectangular (i.e., rather wide but low) orbits, a more flattened nasomalar face, but sharply profiled in the zygomaxillary region, and a medium-protruding nose. This component differs from the so-called Paleoeuropeoid or Cro-Magnoid type in the smoothness of its main features as a result of long-standing mixing with some Mediterranean variants. The Buston series, especially its female part, is characterized by massiveness: a well-defined relief in the glabellar, brow and occipital regions, powerful mastoid processes, and a large thickness of the arch bones. That is why it is impossible to say unequivocally whether the mentioned Mediterranean component was one (only gracile, i.e. more characteristic of the Mediterranean proper) or whether the more massive Eastern Mediterranean layer also took part in the composition of this population. The association of massiveness with dolichocrania indicates that this component is archaic, but it could have originated both from the Eurasian steppes and from the distribution areas of the type that T. P. Kiyatkina called Proto-Mediterranean (1974). It should be emphasized that the archaic component is more pronounced in the female part of the Buston paleopopulation.

Morphology of postcranial skeletons

In most cases, the preservation of postcranial skeletal bones was not good enough for a full-scale osteological study. For this reason, the use of the standard osteometric technique (Alekseev, 1966) presented certain difficulties. Nevertheless, we managed to get some idea of the peculiarities of the postcranial morphology of the population that left the Buston VI necropolis. The postcranial skeletons of 15 adult males and 13 females were measured

page 132
Table 11. Some dimensions of long bones from Buston VI necropolis and comparative data (average on the right and left sides)

Sign

Series

Sapallinskaya Street

Murghab, Gonur (necropolis)*3

Tazabag -
Yabskaya,
Kokcha-3*4

Andronovskaya, Minusinsk region*5

Total, Bronze Age, Lower Volga region*6

Buston VI*1

Sapallitepa*2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Men

1. The largest length of the humerus

313,7 (3)

304,7 (21)

313,7 (17)

335,5 (4)

335,0 (19)

341,1 (26)

7. Smallest circumference of the humerus diaphysis

62,2 (11)

58,5 (37)

_

67,1 (5)

_

71,9 (29)

7:1. Index of humerus strength

20,0 (3)

19,2 (21)

-

20,4 (4)

21,2 (19)

21,1 (26)

1. The greatest length of the radius

227,5 (3)

240,8 (23)

242,2 (14)

249,8 (5)

254,0 (17)

258,7 (24)

3. Smallest circumference of the radial diaphysis

39,7 (9)

39,3 (37)

-

-

-

45,3 (20)

5: 4. Radius cross-section indicator

70,6 (9)

77,4 (32)

-

71,2 (5)

71,7 (13)

73,4 (26)

1. The longest length of the ulna

243,5 (2)

260,2 (23)

251,0 (14)

262,5 (2)

275,0 (17)

279,1 (18)

3. Smallest circumference of the ulnar diaphysis

35,7 (9)

36,6 (30)

_

_

_

40,2 (17)

13: 14. Platonov's Index

90,2 (10)

94,0 (35)

-

84,1 (2)

78,6 (17)

83,4 (21)

1. The longest length of the femur

450? (1)

431,8 (20)

445,3 (21)

466,2 (6)

463,0 (20)

468,9 (28)

2. Physiological length of the femur

445? (1)

426,3 (18)

-

464,5 (6)

460,0 (19)

464,9 (27)

8. Circumference of the middle of the femoral diaphysis

91,7 (8)

86,9 (32)

-

96,7 (6)

-

93,3 (37)

10: 9. The platymeria index

76,9 (16)

-

-

79,3 (6)

73,8 (20)

76,2 (36)

6:7. Pilastria signpost

99,9 (9)

-

-

99,0 (6)

102,1 (20)

103,5 (37)

8: 2. Index of femoral massiveness

19,1? (1)

20,4 (18)

-

20,9 (6)

20,3 (20)

20,0 (27)

1. Full length of tibia

352,5 (2)

360,3 (20)

366,7 (22)

395,0 (5)

375,0 (20)

381,7 (27)

10b. Smallest circumference of the tibial diaphysis

76,4 (11)

_

_

80,0 (5)

_

79,9 (30)

9a:8a. Platycnemia Index

65,9 (10)

64,8 (28)

-

68,1 (4)

70,3 (20)

67,2 (32)

10b: 1. Strength indicator

19,3 (2)

20,8 (20)

-

21,0 (4)

21,1 (20)

21,1 (25)

Women

1. The largest length of the humerus

280 (2)

287,8 (15)

286,7 (13)

310,0 (4)

300,0 (14)

313,9 (7)

7. Smallest circumference of the humerus diaphysis

56,7 (17)

56,1 (21)

-

64,7 (2)

-

63,9 (9)

7:1. Index of humerus strength

18,8 (2)

19,5 (15)

-

20,9 (4)

19,5 (14)

20,3 (7)

1. The greatest length of the radius

225,8 (3)

221,7 (12)

214,6 (7)

233,0 (2)

225,0 (9)

235,6 (5)

3. Smallest circumference of the radial diaphysis

35,4 (7)

34,5 (19)

-

-

-

39,2 (5)

5: 4. Radius cross-section indicator

77,0 (8)

71,5 (18)

-

76,8 (2)

70,0 (9)

65,3 (5)

1. The longest length of the ulna

-

240,8 (14)

230,2 (7)

262,5 (2)

244,0 (9)

255,6 (5)

3. Smallest circumference of the ulnar diaphysis

32,4 (6)

31,3 (21)

_

_

_

36,0 (7)

13: 14. Platonov's Index

87,8 (10)

88,0 (23)

-

72,1 (2)

71,6 (9)

82,7 (7)

1. The longest length of the femur

391? (1)

400,8 (8)

412,3 (17)

425,0 (4)

410,0 (13)

436,5 (8)

2. Physiological length of the femur

389? (1)

396,5 (8)

-

422,0 (4)

405,0 (13)

430,3 (7)

page 133
End of Table 11

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8. Circumference of the middle of the femoral diaphysis

83,5 (13)

_

_

83,8 (5)

_

84,7 (8)

10: 9. The platymeria index

76,5 (8)

-

-

72,3 (5)

69,6 (13)

79,1 (8)

6:7. Pilastria signpost

105,3 (14)

100,8 (20)

-

96,7 (5)

95,1 (13)

97,7 (8)

8: 2. Index of femoral massiveness

21,1? (1)

19

-

19,6 (4)

19,2 (12)

19,7 (7)

1. Full length of the tibia

-

344,0 (12)

343,8 (16)

357,5 (2)

333,0 (12)

350,0 (6)

10b. Smallest circumference of the tibial diaphysis

68,7 (6)

-

-

68,8 (2)

-

70,5 (8)

9a:8a. Platycnemia Index

64,8 (3)

63,9 (16)

-

6?,8 (2)

70,2 (12)

74,8 (8)

10b: 1. Strength indicator

-

19,4 (12)

-

19,5 (2)

19,8 (12)

20,2 (6)

* 1 Measurements by N. A. Dubovoy and V. V. Kufterin.

* 2 By: [Khodjayov, 1977].

* 3 By: [Dubova and Rykushina, 2005].

* 4 By: [Durnovo, 1961].

* 5 By: [Debets, 1948].

* 6 By: [Debets, 1948; Firshtein, 1970].

Table 12. Body length values in a number of Bronze Age groups

Monument, culture

Body length according to the formulas

To. Pearson and A. Lee

M. Trotter and G. Glezer

S. Dupertuis and D. Hadden

Men

Women

Men

Women

Men

Women

Buston VI

162,2 (5)

152,8 (4)

167,1 (5)

157 (4)

166,8 (5)

157,2 (4)

Sapallitepa

160,5 (17)

154,6 (14)

169,8 (18)

159,0 (14)

-

-

Kokcha-3

169,9 (10)

157,6 (5)

172,3 (10)

159,6 (5)

-

-

Geoxur

168,6

153,8

-

-

-

-

Gonur (necropolis)

168,3 (13)

151,2 (8)

168,9 (24)

157,5 (20)

-

-

Afanasyevskaya (Altai)

176,4

161,2

-

-

-

-

Andronovskaya (Minusinskaya basin)

173,8

160,2

_

_

_

_

(measurements were taken on both the left and right sides). The results were compared with data for a number of Bronze Age groups in Central Asia, the Lower Volga Region, and Western Siberia (Table 11).

Long bones of the upper limbs. The range of variations in the longitudinal dimensions of bones in this series is rather difficult to judge due to its small number. The humerus bones can be summed up as medium-long. At the same time, in the male subgroup, their sizes tend to be slightly higher, and in the female subgroup - to lower values. Values of the smallest humerus circumference are small or medium. The strength index is average in the men's group, and lower in the women's group.

The radial bones are small in length, moderately flattened in men, and slightly weaker in women.

It is difficult to judge the length of the ulna bones, according to the platonic index, they are almost always eurolenic.

Long bones of the lower limbs. The length of the femur bones could only be measured in one male and one female skeleton; in the first case, it turned out to be quite large, in the second-small. The circumference of the middle of the femoral diaphysis is quite large in both subgroups. The pilaster is poorly developed. According to the index of the cross-section of the upper part of the diaphysis, the femur bones are characterized by platymeria. There are cases of hyperplatimeria and isolated cases of eurymeria.

The male tibia is small or medium in length, while the female tibia could not be characterized. According to the cross-section index, these bones are generally platy - or mesoknemic, but the range of variations is particularly large.

page 134

9. Values of men's body length (calculated by the formula of K. Pearson and A. Lee) in a number of groups of the Bronze Age.

in the male group, it is significant: from 54.8 (hyperplaticnemia) to 77.5 (eurycnemia).

In terms of the main parameters of the long bones of the postcranial skeleton, the Buston VI series from the necropolis shows the greatest similarity (although not in all respects) to the Sapallitepa series (Khodjayov, 1977). At the same time, both of these groups are significantly more graceful than the carriers of the so-called steppe complex of physique.

Limb proportions and body length. Due to the poor preservation of the bones, the proportion indicators for the series could not be calculated. The radiotibial index (66.0) obtained in one case (male from border 327) can be attributed to the average values.

The lifetime growth of those buried in the Buston VI burial ground was calculated using the formulas of K. Pearson and A. Lee, S. Dupertuis and D. Hadden, M. Trotter and G. Glaser (Table 12). The values obtained from the first one (this formula is known to be applicable for the average-sized population-165 cm (men)) They are close to those for series c of the Sapallitepa eponymous monument [Ibid.], but lower than those calculated for the carriers of the Tazabagyab culture of Khorezm (Kokcha-3 burial ground) [Durnovo, 1961], the group from Geoxyur (men), the Afanasyevites of Altai, and the Andronovites of the Minusinsk Basin [Khodjayov, 1977, Table 15] (Fig 9). The growth of the buried, reconstructed according to the formula of M. Trotter and G. Glezer, is quite close to that of the medium-tall population that left the Gonur necropolis (Dubova and Rykushina, 2004, p. 331-332).

Conclusion

Summing up the first results of the anthropological analysis of the Buston series, it is necessary to emphasize once again its mixed character. In terms of most parameters, both cranio-and osteometric, it occupies an intermediate position between the typical (if any) representatives of the steppe world of the Bronze Age and southern farmers. But this intermediateness is not equidistance. The component that is associated with the ancient Neolithic population of the southern regions of Central Asia is undoubtedly more pronounced. As already indicated in the craniometric analysis, the Paleoeuropeanoid low-faced, low-orbit anthropological component with mesomorphic proportions participated in the addition of the Buston not in pure, but in a mixed form. It is most likely that the Mediterranean populations were involved in this mixing, which took place in earlier epochs. A more detailed study of osteometric parameters, constitutional and odontological features will clarify the conclusions made. Historical and archaeological interpretation of anthropological materials is always difficult. Based on the morphology of the face or body, it is impossible to assign a person or the entire population to a particular language group, ethno-cultural community, or archaeological culture. Anthropological data can only indicate phenotypic similarities (or differences) between different population groups. This is not the place to delve into the complexities and peculiarities of historical and cultural reconstructions based on anthropological data, but it should be emphasized that often only the dimensional characteristics of human bone remains can confirm (or refute) the presence of kinship relations between groups. The results of the analysis of craniological and osteological series from the Buston VI necropolis allow us to state that" representatives of the steppe world of the Bronze Age " in our case may well be carriers of the Andronovo culture.-

page 135
tours where the heterogeneity of the anthropological type is already generally recognized. Their physical presence on the monument is now confirmed not only by archaeological artifacts. According to anthropological data, the Alakul groups are closer to the Buston ones.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 23.06.08.

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